Communication methods and apparatus relating to cooperative and non-cooperative modes of operation

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus for selecting and switching between cooperative and non-cooperative modes of communications device operation are described. Switching between modes may be, e.g., in response to a signal received form another device or in response to another device leaving the area. In cooperative mode operation the communications device acts in a manner that takes into consideration the effect of signal transmissions on other devices, e.g., the device may respond to interference control signaling, resource allocation signals and/or implement other interference management techniques. In the non-cooperative mode the device seeks to optimize its own communications performance without regard to the effect on one or more communications devices which may be in the area, e.g., devices with which it is not communicating. In the non-cooperative mode the device may ignore interference management control signals or transmit signals intended to cause another devices to reduce their transmissions or power output.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/758,011 filed on Jan. 11, 2006, titled “METHODSAND APPARATUS FOR USING BEACON SIGNALS FOR IDENTIFICATION,SYNCHRONIZATION OR ACQUISITION IN AN AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORK”, U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/758,010 filed on Jan. 11,2006, titled “METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR FACILITATING IDENTIFICATION,SYNCHRONIZATION OR ACQUISITION USING BEACON SIGNALS”, U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 60/758,012 filed on Jan. 11, 2006, titled“METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR USING BEACON SIGNALS IN A COGNITIVE RADIONETWORK”, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/863,304 filedon Oct. 27, 2006, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.60/845,052 filed on Sep. 15, 2006, and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/845,051 filed on Sep. 15, 2006 each of which ishereby incorporated by reference and all of which are assigned to theassignee hereof.

FIELD

Various embodiments are directed to methods and apparatus for wirelesscommunication.

BACKGROUND

Two types of networks which are common today are ad hoc networks andcellular networks. In the case of unlicensed frequency spectrum open touse by the general public, ad hoc networks are relatively common. In thecase of such networks, wireless communications devices in a region mayestablish a network between themselves without relying on infrastructurebase stations and/or other devices to control the allocation ofcommunications resources. From a utilization perspective, in unlicensedspectrum individual communications devices are normally free to maximizetheir use of the unlicensed spectrum without regard to other devices.Unfortunately, actions taken by a communications device may negativelyimpact communications of a neighboring device adversely, e.g., byappearing as interference to the neighboring device.

In the cellular context where spectrum is often licensed, the owner ofthe license to the spectrum often has an interest in maximizing the useof the spectrum. It is commonly understood that communications devicesworking together in a cooperative manner can usually achieve a higheroverall data throughput using a given amount of communications resourcesuch as frequency spectrum, as compared to devices which seek tooptimize their own throughput irrespective of the impact on otherdevices. Acting in a cooperative manner may include such things asresponding to interference control signals, e.g., transmission powerlevel control signals, resource allocation signals and/or other types ofsignals used to control wireless communications transmission in a mannerthat may be suboptimal for the individual communications device butwhich limits the interference caused by the device to other devices.Devices in cellular systems are often designed to operate in acooperative manner.

While operating in a cooperative manner may be beneficial when viewedfrom an overall system perspective, it may not be beneficial from theperspective of an individual wireless communications device. In fact,when operating in unlicensed spectrum and/or when operating in thepresence of a device operating in a non-cooperative manner, operating ina cooperative manner may result in a significant disadvantage incommunications capability relative to the throughput a communicationsdevice operating in a non-cooperative manner may achieve. In the case ofunlicensed spectrum a resource greedy communications device may have adistinct advantage over a cooperative resource-considerate device.

In view of the above discussion, it should be appreciated that there isa need for providing flexibility in terms of how a wireless communicatesdevice operates relative to other devices, e.g., in a cooperative ornon-cooperative manner. It would be desirable if methods and/orapparatus were developed which allowed a device flexibility with regardto whether it operated in a cooperative or non-cooperative manner. Itwould also be desirable if a device that had the flexibility ofoperating in either a cooperative or non-cooperative manner could makethe decision of how to operate in a reasonable manner based oninformation about the capabilities and/or operation of neighboringdevices.

SUMMARY

Various methods and apparatus are described which can be used tofacilitate and/or implement an ad hoc network and/or be used in anon-heterogeneous communication system are described. While variouscommunications protocols and/or methods which can be used together aredescribed, it should be appreciated that many of the features andmethods described herein can be used independently of one another or incombination. Accordingly, the summary which follows is not intended toimply that all or the majority of the features discussed below need tobe used in a single embodiment. In fact, many embodiments may includeonly one or a few of the features, elements, methods or steps discussedin the following summary.

Wireless communications methods and apparatus are supported in acommunications system including a plurality of wireless communicationsdevices. In the system, devices support low bit rate communicationsusing one or more beacon signals. The beacon signals include beaconsignal bursts that include relatively high power symbols. While therelatively high power of the beacon symbols make them easy to detect,they have a relatively low rate of occurrence, on average over timeand/or occupy a very small amount of the bandwidth being used. Given thebeacon signals sparse use of the available bandwidth, the high powerbeacon symbols while acting as interference to other communications,create a tolerable amount of interference to other communicationsprotocols, e.g., communications protocols such as CDMA, Bluetooth, WiFi,etc. which support relatively high bit rate communications. Furthermore,while beacon symbols are transmitted at high power compared to theaverage per symbol power used to transmit data symbols, the high powerbeacon symbols do not cause an excessive drain on a wirelesscommunications device's power given that the beacon symbols aretransmitted relatively infrequently.

In various embodiments, beacon signaling is used as a basiccommunications method and/or protocol whereby wireless communicationsdevices communicate device capability and/or other basic information toother devices while also notifying other device in an area of theirpresence. Accordingly, beacon signal bursts may be used to communicatesuch things as device identifiers, device capability information and/orto communicate/negotiate a basic device configuration as part aestablishing a communications session with another device. Wirelesscommunications devices which can send and receive beacon signals mayinclude, e.g., mobile communications devices such as wireless handsetsas well as stationary devices such as fixed location base stations.

By using beacon transmitter/receivers, devices which support differenthigh bit rate protocols may exchange information using the more basiclow rate beacon signaling which can be easily supported by a wide rangeof devices. Thus, beacon signals may be used as a basic protocol used toexchange device and session information while other higher rateprotocols are used for the actual communication of user data, e.g., aspart of a communications session established after an initialcommunication and/or exchange of device set up information through theuse of beacon signaling. In various embodiments, beacon signalcommunications rely primarily on signal timing and/or signal frequencyto communicate information. Thus, beacon signaling is well suited forOFDM, CDMA and/or other communications applications since may receiversinclude the ability to distinguish between different frequencies anddifferent receive times.

The use of frequency and signaling timing, e.g., timing between repeatedburst and/or beacon symbol transmissions, makes beacon symbol detectionand information recovery relatively easy and inexpensive to implement interms of hardware in combination with many existing receiver designs.Thus, beacon signal receivers and information recovery modules can beimplemented at relatively low cost. Furthermore, even in cases wheresome receiver circuitry can not be shared between a receiver designedfor a higher bit rate communications protocol, the simplistic nature ofa beacon receiver allows for low cost beacon receiver/transmitterdesigns which can be used at very little additional cost in combinationwith current receiver/transmitters such as existing OFDM, CDMA and othertypes of receiver/transmitters.

In many, but not necessarily all embodiments, the phase of beaconsymbols is not used to communicate information when beacon signals areused. This greatly reduces the cost and complexity of a receiver ascompared to, e.g., CDMA, WiFi and/or other types of receivers which relyon the use of phase to communicate at least some information and therebyachieve relatively high data rates. The information throughput of beaconsignals, which do not use phase to convey information, is relatively lowcompared to signaling techniques which use phase to communicateinformation. Thus, while the use of beacon signals has the advantage ofeasy detection and low cost hardware implementations, it is notpractical in many cases for the communication of user data sessions,e.g., where a large amount of voice and/or text information may need tobe exchanged in a relatively short amount of time.

By incorporating beacon signal transmitters and receivers in deviceswhich support other communications protocols, devices which could nototherwise communicate with one another can exchange basic configurationand device capability information.

In some embodiments, beacon signaling is used as a fundamentalcommunications method whereby devices discover the presence of otherdevices as well as their capability. A device can then select aconfiguration, e.g., a protocol stack, suitable for communicating usingone or more higher level protocols with the device from whichinformation was obtained through the use of beacon signals.

Because of the low bit rate nature of beacon signaling, a plurality ofdifferent sets of device capability combinations, e.g., protocol stackpossibilities may be predefined and identified by a device capabilitycode. For example, code 1 may be used to indicate a device capable ofsupporting CDMA, WiFi and Session Initiation Protocol signaling. Code 2may be used to indicate a device capable of supporting CDMA, and SessionInitiation Protocol signaling but not WiFi. Code 3 may be used toindicate a device capable of supporting WiFi, and Session InitiationProtocol not WiFi. Capability codes may be predefined which are used toindicate which versions or subversions of a particular protocol suiteare supported, etc. For example, rather than simply signaling support ofWiFi, codes may indicate various combinations and versions of PHY, MACand Link layer protocols. In this manner, by communicating a simple codeusing low bit rate signaling, a fair amount of device capabilityinformation may be communicated.

A device receiving a beacon signal may respond by sending a beaconsignal indicating a preferred device configuration for a communicationssession. In response, the device receiving the beacon signal may alterits configuration to the suggested one and/or respond by suggesting thatthe sending device alter its configuration or use a different deviceconfiguration/protocol stack. In this manner, devices can exchange setup information and alter their configurations so that the two devicescan then proceed with a communications session using a differentcommunications protocol, e.g., a higher level protocol which uses phase,such as CDMA, WiFi, GSM, or some other OFDM protocol, to exchange userdata, e.g., text voice or image data, as part of a wirelesscommunications session. Devices may acknowledge and/or indicateacceptance of configuration suggestion information as part of a beaconsignal exchange.

While a beacon signal exchange may be used to negotiate device settings,a device may simply receive information in a beacon signal from anotherdevice, adjust its configuration based on the received signal and thencommunicate with the device from which the beacon signal was received oranother device.

In a network where at least some devices support different capabilitiesand/or multiple communications methods, the use of beacon signalingallows for devices within a region to learn about other devices in anarea and their device capabilities. In a system where three or moredevices are located in the same geographic area, first and seconddevices which do not support the same higher level communicationsprotocols may establish a communications session through a third devicewhich supports multiple higher level communications protocols, at leastone of which is supported by the first and another of which is supportedby the second device. Beacon signaling allows the first and thirddevices to communicate with one another regarding device capabilityand/or configuration information and to establish a communicationssession, and also allows the second and third devices to communicatewith one another regarding device capability and/or configurationinformation and to establish a communications session, all of this sothat the first and second devices can create a communications sessionusing the third communications device as a communications intermediary.Thus, through the use of beacon signaling ad hoc networks betweendevices can be established and devices which, absent the use of beaconsignaling would not normally be able to interoperate are able toestablish communications sessions and ad hoc networks allowingcommunications over areas and in regions where device capabilities andprotocols may vary widely.

For example, in a region where a first device which supports beaconsignaling and WiFi, a second device supports beacon signaling and CDMAand Bluetooth, and a third device which supports beacon signaling, WiFiand CDMA, the first and second devices may establish a communicationssession, each having individually used beacon signaling to communicatewith the third device to create a higher layer communication link, thusenabling the third device to act as a communications intermediarybetween first and second devices. The use of beacon signals allows thethird device to be aware of the first and second devices and theircapabilities, so that it may establish appropriate higher layercommunication links between the three devices so that an end-to-endcommunications session is possible between the first and second devices.Thus it allows for there to be sufficient communication between thedevices to establish a communications session whereby the first deviceuses WiFi to communicate user data as part of a communications sessionbetween the first and third device and the second device uses CDMA tocommunicate between the second and third device, with the third deviceacting as a communications intermediary for a communications sessionbetween the first and second devices. The use of beacon signaling allowssuch networks to be established on an ad hoc basis.

The same or different frequency bands may be used with each of thefirst, second and third protocols. For example, beacon signaling mayoccur in a first band while OFDM and CDMA may occur in second and thirdfrequency bands, respectively. In other embodiments the beacon signalingis performed in the same band as the band used for the second and/orthird communications protocol.

In various embodiments, devices support cooperative and non-cooperativemodes of operation. In the case of cooperative modes of operation,individual devices operate in a manner which may result in a lowercommunication performance for the individual device but generally tendsto increase overall communication performance in the system. In the caseof non-cooperative modes of operation, the device optimizes itscommunication performance without regard to the effect, e.g., in termsof interference, on other devices with which it is not communicating.Communications performance may be specified in a variety of ways. Onecommon way is in terms of overall data throughput. Thus, in someembodiments, a communications device maximizes its data throughput whenin a non-cooperative mode without regard to the effect on other devices.Latency is also sometimes used as an indicator of performance. In someembodiments, a communications device operates to minimize its latencywhen operating in a non-cooperative mode without regard to the effect onother devices. Minimizing latency without regard to other devices mayinvolve, e.g., transmitting as soon as possible with knowledge that thetransmission might coincide with an expected transmission by anotherdevice rather than delaying the transmission until the other devicecompletes its transmission.

Co-operative mode operation may involve power control and otherinterference management techniques and, in some cases may involveresponding to resource allocation instructions, e.g., from a basestation or other controller. Cooperative mode operation is used in someembodiments when operating in a cellular mode of operation.Non-cooperative mode is used when in some embodiments when in unlicensedspectrum and/or when operating in the presence of communications devicescorresponding to another carrier or service provider. In someimplementations when a first device is operating in a non-cooperativemode using a first communications protocol and detects a second devicewhich is also seeking to communicate using the first communicationsprotocol, the first device switches to a communications protocol whichis not supported by the second communications device but which may usethe same frequency band the second communications device is seeking touse. Thus, the first communication's device's signals becomeinterference to the second communications device while the firstcommunications device will not be responsive to interference controlsignals corresponding to the first communications protocol from thesecond communications device since the first communications device hasintentionally switched to the second communications protocol. The firstcommunications device may switch back to the first communicationsprotocol when the second device leaves the area. The first and secondcommunications protocols in some embodiments are WiFi and Bluetooth.

In some embodiments, devices determine whether to operate in acooperative or non-cooperative manner based on whether the devices in aregion are identified as corresponding to the same communicationscarrier or a different communications carrier. The decision to operatein co-operative or non-cooperative manner may also be based on whetherthe devices in the region correspond to the same service provider, owneror group or whether the detected devices trying to share the spectrumcorrespond to a different service provider, owner or group.

In the case of a non-cooperative mode of operation, the device operatingin the non-cooperative mode of operation may transmit signals intendedto cause other devices in the region to reduce their transmissionsand/or power levels. This may involve transmitting control signalsintended to induce other devices to reduce their transmission levelsand/or transmitting signals which are not intended to communicateinformation but appear as interference to the other devices in theregion causing them to reduce or alter their transmissions freeing upthe spectrum for the device transmitting the signals.

Numerous additional features, benefits and/or embodiments are discussedin the detailed description which follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary ad hoc communication network implementedin accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary user misdetection problem in an ad hocnetwork when there is no common timing reference.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary air link resource being used tocommunicate a beacon signal including three exemplary beacon signalbursts, each beacon signal burst including one beacon symbol.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary relative transmission power levelsbetween a beacon symbol and a data/control signal in accordance withvarious embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates one exemplary embodiment of transmitting beaconsignal bursts.

FIG. 6 illustrates one exemplary embodiment in which receiving beaconsignal bursts can occur during certain designated time intervals, whileat other times the receiver is off to conserve power.

FIG. 7 is used to describe how a user misdetection problem is solvedwhen two terminals transmit and receive beacon signal bursts, asimplemented in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 8 illustrates one exemplary embodiment of a state diagramimplemented in a terminal.

FIG. 9 illustrates a detailed illustration of an exemplary wirelessterminal implemented in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 10 is a drawing of a flowchart of an exemplary method of operatinga portable wireless terminal in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 11 is a drawing of a flowchart of an exemplary method of operatinga portable wireless terminal in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 12 is a drawing of a flowchart of an exemplary method of operatinga portable wireless terminal, e.g., a battery powered mobile node, inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 13 is a drawing of a flowchart of an exemplary method of operatinga portable wireless terminal, e.g., a battery powered mobile node, inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 14 includes drawings illustrating exemplary beacon signaling from aportable wireless terminal, in accordance with various embodiments

FIG. 15 illustrates that different wireless terminals, in someembodiments, transmit different beacon signals including differentbeacon burst signals.

FIG. 16 is a drawing and corresponding legend illustrating a feature ofsome embodiments, in which a beacon symbol transmission unit includes aplurality of OFDM symbol transmission units.

FIG. 17 is a drawing used to illustrate an exemplary beacon signalcomprising a sequence of beacon burst signals and to illustrate timingrelationships of some embodiments.

FIG. 18 is a drawing used to illustrate an exemplary beacon signalcomprising a sequence of beacon burst signals and to illustrate timingrelationships of some embodiments.

FIG. 19 is a drawing illustrating exemplary air link resourcepartitioning by a wireless terminal in a mode of operation in which thewireless terminal transmits a beacon signal.

FIG. 20 describes an exemplary air link resource portion associated withuses other than beacon signal transmission for an exemplary mode ofwireless terminal operation in which the wireless terminal transmits abeacon signal and can receive and/or transmit user data, e.g., an activemode of operation.

FIG. 21 illustrates two exemplary modes of wireless terminal operationin which the wireless terminal is transmitting a beacon signal, e.g., aninactive mode and an active mode.

FIG. 22 includes a drawing and corresponding legend illustratingexemplary wireless terminal air link resource utilization during anexemplary first time interval including two beacon bursts.

FIG. 23 includes a drawing and corresponding legend illustratingexemplary wireless terminal air link resource utilization during anexemplary first time interval including two beacon bursts.

FIG. 24 illustrates an alternative descriptive representation withrespect to beacon signals, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 25 is a drawing of an exemplary portable wireless terminal, e.g.,mobile node, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 26 is a drawing of a flowchart of an exemplary method of operatinga communications device, e.g., a battery powered wireless terminal, inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 27 is a drawing of an exemplary portable wireless terminal, e.g.,mobile node, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 28 is a drawing illustrating an exemplary time line, sequence ofevents, and operations with respect to two wireless terminals in an adhoc network which become aware of the presence of each other and achievetiming synchronization via the use of wireless terminal beacon signals.

FIG. 29 illustrates exemplary synchronized timing between two wirelessterminals based on beacon signals in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment.

FIG. 30 illustrates exemplary synchronized timing between two wirelessterminals based on beacon signals in accordance with another exemplaryembodiment.

FIG. 31 illustrates exemplary synchronized timing between two wirelessterminals based on beacon signals in accordance with another exemplaryembodiment.

FIG. 32 illustrates an exemplary communication system including aplurality of wireless communications devices with differing capabilitieswhich form an ad hoc network.

FIG. 33 illustrates a method of operating a communications device toestablish and participate in a communications session with anotherdevice.

FIG. 34 illustrates an exemplary communications device which may be usedas one of the communications devices of the system shown in FIG. 32.

FIG. 35, which comprises the combination of FIGS. 35A, 35B and 35Cillustrates a method of operating a communications device which iscapable of operating in both cooperative and non-cooperative modes ofoperation.

FIG. 36 illustrated another exemplary communications device which may beused as one of the communications devices of the exemplary system shownin FIG. 32.

FIG. 37 illustrates a method of operating a communications device whichcan serve as a communications intermediary for other devices, e.g., thefirst and second communications devices of the ad hoc network shown inFIG. 32.

FIG. 38 illustrates an exemplary communication device which can be usedto implement the method shown in FIG. 37.

FIG. 39 illustrates an exemplary communications device which may be usedas one of the communications devices of the system shown in FIG. 32.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary ad hoc communication network 100implemented in accordance with various embodiments. Two exemplarywireless terminals, namely a first wireless terminal 102 and a secondwireless terminal 104 are present in a geographic area 106. Somespectrum band is available to be used by the two wireless terminals forthe purpose of communication. The two wireless terminals use theavailable spectrum band to establish a peer-to-peer communication linkbetween each other.

Because the ad hoc network may not have a network infrastructure, thewireless terminals may not have a common timing or frequency reference.This results in certain challenges in the ad hoc network. To elaborate,consider the problem of how either of the terminals detects the presenceof the other.

For the sake of description, in the following it is assumed that at agiven time, the wireless terminal can either transmit or receive, butnot both. It is understood that people with ordinary skills in the fieldcan apply the same principles to the case where the terminal can bothtransmit and receive at the same time.

FIG. 2 includes drawing 200 used to describe one possible scheme thatthe two wireless terminals may use to find each other. The firstterminal transmits some signal in time interval 202, and receives signalin time interval 204. Meanwhile, the second wireless terminal transmitssome signal in time interval 206, and receives signal in time interval208. Note that if the first wireless terminal can both transmit andreceive at the same time then the time intervals 202 and 204 may overlapwith each other.

Note that because the two terminals do not have a common timingreference, their TX (transmit) and RX (receive) timings are notsynchronized. In particular, FIG. 2 shows that the time intervals 204and 206 do not overlap. When the first wireless terminal is listeningthe second wireless terminal does not transmit, and when the secondwireless terminal is transmitting the first wireless terminal does notlisten. Therefore, the first wireless terminal does not detect thepresence of the second terminal. Similarly, the time intervals 202 and208 do not overlap. Therefore, the second wireless terminal does notdetect the presence of the first wireless terminal either.

There are ways to overcome the above misdetection problem. For example,a wireless terminal may randomize the time interval in which the TX andRX procedure is carried out, so that over time the two wirelessterminals will detect each other probabilistically. However, the cost isthe delay and the resultant battery power consumption. In addition, thepower consumption is also determined by the power requirement in the TXand RX procedure. For example, it may require less processing power todetect one form of the signal than to detect another form.

It is an advantage of various embodiments that a new signal TX and RXprocedure is implemented and used to reduce the delay of detecting thepresence of another terminal and the associated power consumption.

In accordance with various embodiments, a wireless terminal transmits aspecial signal, called a beacon signal, which occupies a small fraction,e.g., in some embodiments no more than 0.1%, of the total amount ofavailable air link communication resource. In some embodiments, air linkcommunication resources are measured in terms of minimum or basictransmission units, e.g., OFDM tone symbols in an OFDM system. In someembodiments, air link communication resources can be measured in termsof degrees of freedom, where a degree of freedom is the minimum unit ofresource which can be used for communication. For example, in a CDMAsystem, a degree of freedom can be a spreading code, a timecorresponding to a symbol period. In general, the degrees of freedom ina given system are orthogonal with each other.

Consider an exemplary embodiment of a frequency division multiplexingsystem, e.g., an OFDM system. In that system, information is transmittedin a symbol-by-symbol manner. In a symbol transmission period, the totalavailable bandwidth is divided into a number of tones, each of which canbe used to carry information.

FIG. 3 includes drawing 300 showing the available resource in anexemplary OFDM system. The horizontal axis 301 represents time and thevertical axis 302 represents frequency. A vertical column representseach of the tones in a given symbol period. Each small box 304represents a tone-symbol, which is the air link resource of a singletone over a single transmission symbol period. A minimum transmissionunit in the OFDM symbol is a tone-symbol.

The beacon signal includes a sequence of beacon signal bursts (308, 310,312), which are transmitted sequentially over time. A beacon signalburst includes a small number of beacon symbols. In this example, eachbeacon symbol burst (308, 310, 312) includes one beacon symbol and 19nulls. In this example, each beacon symbol is a single tone over onetransmission period. A beacon signal burst includes, in someembodiments, beacon symbols of the same tone over a small number oftransmission symbol periods, e.g., one or two symbol periods. FIG. 3shows three small black boxes, each of which (306) represents a beaconsymbol. In this case, a beacon symbol uses the air link resource of onetone-symbol, i.e., one beacon symbol transmission unit is an OFDMtone-symbol. In another embodiment, a beacon symbol comprises one tonetransmitted over two consecutive symbol periods, and a beacon symboltransmission unit comprises two adjacent OFDM tone-symbols.

The beacon signal occupies a small fraction of the total minimumtransmission units. Denote N the total number of tones of the spectrumof interest. In any reasonably long time interval, e.g., of one or twoseconds, suppose the number of symbol periods is T. Then the totalnumber of minimum transmission units is N*T. In accordance with variousembodiments, the number of tone-symbols occupied by the beacon signal inthe time interval is significantly less than N*T, e.g., in someembodiments no more than 0.1% of N*T.

The tone of the beacon symbol in a beacon signal burst, in someembodiments, varies (hops) from one burst to another. In accordance withvarious embodiments, the tone-hopping pattern of the beacon symbol is insome embodiments a function of the wireless terminal and can be, andsometimes is, used as an identification of the terminal or anidentification of the type to which the terminal belongs. In general,information in a beacon signal can be decoded by determining whichminimum transmission units convey the beacon symbols. For example,information can be included in the frequency of the tone(s) of thebeacon symbol(s) in a given beacon signal burst, the number of beaconsymbols in a given burst, the duration of a beacon signal burst, and/orthe inter-burst interval, in addition to the tone hopping sequences.

The beacon signal can also be characterized from the transmission powerperspective. In accordance with various embodiments, the transmissionpower of the beacon signal per minimum transmission unit is much higher,e.g., in some embodiments at least 10 dB higher, than the averagetransmission power of data and control signals per degree of freedomwhen the terminal transmitter is in an ordinary data session. Inaccordance with some embodiments, the transmission power of the beaconsignal per minimum transmission unit is at least 16 dB higher than theaverage transmission power of data and control signals per degree offreedom when the terminal transmitter is in an ordinary data session.For example, drawing 400 of FIG. 4 plots the transmission powers used ineach of the tone-symbols in a reasonably long time interval, e.g., ofone or two seconds, in which the wireless terminal is in a data session,i.e., the terminal is sending data and control information using thespectrum of interest. The order of those tone-symbols, represented bythe horizontal axis 401, is immaterial for purposes of this discussion.A small vertical rectangular 404 represents the power of individualtone-symbols conveying user data and/or control information. As acomparison, a tall black rectangular 406 is also included to show thepower of a beacon tone-symbol.

In another embodiment, a beacon signal includes a sequence of beaconsignal bursts transmitted at intermittent time periods. A beacon signalburst includes one or more (a small number) of time-domain impulses. Atime-domain impulse signal is a special signal that occupies a verysmall transmission time duration over a certain spectrum bandwidth ofinterest. For example, in a communication system where the availablebandwidth is 30 kHz, a time-domain impulse signal occupies a significantportion of the 30 kHz bandwidth for a short duration. In any reasonablylong time interval, e.g., a few seconds, the total duration of thetime-domain impulses is a small fraction, e.g., in some embodiments nomore than 0.1%, of the total time duration. Moreover, the per degree offreedom transmission power in the time interval during which the impulsesignal is transmitted is significantly higher, e.g., in some embodiments10 dB higher, than the average transmission power per degree of freedomwhen the transmitter is in an ordinary data session. In someembodiments, the per degree of freedom transmission power in the timeinterval during which the impulse signal is transmitted is at least 16dB higher than the average transmission power per degree of freedom whenthe transmitter is in an ordinary data session.

FIG. 4 shows that the transmission power may vary from one tone-symbolto another. Denote P_(avg) the average transmission power pertone-symbol (408). In accordance with various embodiments, the pertone-symbol transmission power of the beacon signal is much higher,e.g., at least 10 dB higher, than P_(avg). In some embodiments, the pertone-symbol transmission power of the beacon signal is at least 16 dBhigher than P_(avg). In one exemplary embodiment, the per tone-symboltransmission power of the beacon signal is 20 dBs higher than P_(avg).

In one embodiment, the per tone-symbol transmission power of the beaconsignal is constant for a given terminal. That is, the power does notvary with time or with tone. In another embodiment, the per tone-symboltransmission power of the beacon signal is the same for multipleterminals, or even each of the terminals in the network.

Drawing 500 of FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of transmitting beaconsignal bursts. A wireless terminal keeps on transmitting the beaconsignal bursts, e.g., beacon signal burst A 502, beacon signal burst B504, beacon signal burst C 506, etc., even if the wireless terminaldetermines that there is no other terminal in the vicinity or even ifthe terminal has already detected other terminals and may even haveestablished communication links with them.

The terminal transmits the beacon signal bursts in an intermittent(i.e., non-continuous) manner so that there are a number of symbolperiods between two successive beacon signal bursts. In general, thetime duration of a beacon signal burst is much shorter, e.g., in someembodiments at least 50 times shorter, than the number of symbol periodsin-between two successive beacon signal bursts, denoted as L 505. In oneembodiment, the value of L is fixed and constant, in which case thebeacon signal is periodic. In some embodiments the value of L is thesame and known for each of the terminals. In another embodiment, thevalue of L varies with time, e.g., according to a predetermined orpseudo-random pattern. For example, the number can be a number, e.g.,random number, distributed between constants L₀ and L₁.

Drawing 600 of FIG. 6 illustrates one exemplary embodiment in whichreceiving beacon signal bursts can occur during certain designated timeintervals, while at other times the receiver is off to conserve power.The wireless terminal listens to the spectrum of interest and attemptsto detect a beacon signal, which may be sent by a different terminal.The wireless terminal may continuously be in the listening mode for atime interval of a few symbol periods, which is called on time. The ontime 602 is followed by an off time 606 during which the wirelessterminal is in a power saving mode and does not receive any signal. Inthe off time, the wireless terminal, in some embodiments, completelyturns off the receive modules. When the off time 606 ends, the terminalresumes to the on time 604 and starts to detect a beacon signal again.The above procedure repeats.

Preferably, the length of an on time interval is shorter than that of anoff time interval. In one embodiment, an on time interval may be lessthan ⅕ of an off time interval. In one embodiment, the length of each ofthe on time intervals are the same, and the length of each of the offtime intervals are also the same.

In some embodiments the length of an off time interval depends on thelatency requirement for a first wireless terminal to detect the presenceof another (second) wireless terminal, if the second wireless terminalis actually present in the vicinity of the first wireless terminal. Thelength of an on time interval is determined so that the first wirelessterminal has a great probability of detecting at least one beacon signalburst in the on time interval. In one embodiment, the length of the ontime interval is a function of at least one of the transmission durationof a beacon signal burst and the duration between successive beaconsignal bursts. For example, the length of the on time interval is atleast the sum of the transmission duration of a beacon signal burst andthe duration between successive beacon signal bursts.

Drawing 700 of FIG. 7 illustrates how a terminal detects the presence ofa second terminal when the two terminals use the beacon signaltransmission and reception procedure implemented in accordance withvarious embodiments.

The horizontal axis 701 represents time. The first wireless terminal 720arrives at the ad hoc network before the second wireless terminal 724shows up. The first wireless terminal 720, using transmitter 722, startsto transmit the beacon signal, which includes a sequence of beaconsignal bursts 710, 712, 714, etc. The second wireless terminal 724 showsup after the first wireless terminal 720 has already transmitted burst710. Suppose that the second wireless terminal 724, including receiver726, starts the on time interval 702. Note that the on time interval issufficiently large to cover the transmission duration of a beacon signalburst 712 and the duration between bursts 712 and 714. Therefore, thesecond wireless terminal 724 can detect the presence of beacon signalburst 712 in the on time interval 702, even though the first and thesecond wireless terminals (720, 724) do not have a common timingreference.

FIG. 8 illustrates one embodiment of an exemplary state diagram 800implemented in a wireless terminal in accordance with variousembodiments.

When the wireless terminal is powered up, the wireless terminal entersthe state of 802, in which the terminal determines the start time of thenext beacon signal burst to be transmitted. In addition, the wirelessterminal determines the start time of the next on time interval for thereceiver. The wireless terminal may, and in some embodiments does, use atransmitter timer and a receiver timer to manage the start times. Thewireless terminal waits until either timer expires. Note that eithertimer may expire instantaneously, meaning that the wireless terminal isto transmit or detect a beacon signal burst upon power up.

Upon the expiration of the TX timer, the terminal enters the state of804. The wireless terminal determines the signal form of the burstincluding the frequency tone to be used by the burst, and transmits thebeacon signal burst. Once the transmission is done, the terminal returnsto the state of 802.

Upon the expiration of the RX timer, the wireless terminal enters thestate of 806. The wireless terminal is in the listening mode andsearches for a beacon signal burst. If the wireless terminal has notfound a beacon signal burst when the on time interval ends, then thewireless terminal returns to the state of 802. If the wireless terminaldetects a beacon signal burst of a new wireless terminal, the wirelessterminal may proceed to the state of 808 if the wireless terminalintends to communicate with the new terminal. In the state of 808, thewireless terminal derives the timing and/or frequency of the newwireless terminal from the detected beacon signal, and then synchronizesits own timing and/or frequency to the new wireless terminal. Forexample, the wireless terminal can use the beacon location in timeand/or in frequency as a basis for estimating the timing phase and/orfrequency of the new wireless terminal. This information can be used tosynchronize the two wireless terminals.

Once the synchronization is done, the wireless terminal may send (810)additional signal to the new terminal and establish a communicationlink. The wireless terminal and the new wireless terminal may then setup a peer-to-peer communication session. When the wireless terminal hasestablished a communication link with another terminal, the terminalshould keep on intermittently transmitting the beacon signal so thatother terminals, e.g., new wireless terminals can detect the wirelessterminal. In addition, the wireless terminal, in some embodiments, keepson periodically entering the on time intervals to detect new wirelessterminals.

FIG. 9 provides a detailed illustration of an exemplary wirelessterminal 900, e.g., portable mobile node, implemented in accordance withvarious embodiments. The exemplary wireless terminal 900, depicted inFIG. 9, is a detailed representation of an apparatus that may be used asany one of terminals 102 and 104 depicted in FIG. 1. In the FIG. 9embodiment, the terminal 900 includes a processor 904, a wirelesscommunication interface module 930, a user input/output interface 940and memory 910 coupled together by bus 906. Accordingly, via bus 906 thevarious components of the terminal 900 can exchange information, signalsand data. The components 904, 906, 910, 930, 940 of the terminal 900 arelocated inside a housing 902.

The wireless communication interface module 930 provides a mechanism bywhich the internal components of the wireless terminal 900 can send andreceive signals to/from external devices and another wireless terminal.The wireless communication interface module 930 includes, e.g., areceiver module 932 and a transmitter module 934, which are connectedwith a duplexer 938 with an antenna 936 used for coupling the wirelessterminal 900 to other terminals, e.g., via wireless communicationschannels.

The exemplary wireless terminal 900 also includes a user input device942, e.g., keypad, and a user output device 944, e.g., display, whichare coupled to bus 906 via the user input/output interface 940. Thus,user input/output devices 942, 944 can exchange information, signals anddata with other components of the terminal 900 via user input/outputinterface 940 and bus 906. The user input/output interface 940 andassociated devices 942, 944 provide a mechanism by which a user canoperate the wireless terminal 900 to accomplish various tasks. Inparticular, the user input device 942 and user output device 944 providethe functionality that allows a user to control the wireless terminal900 and applications, e.g., modules, programs, routines and/orfunctions, that execute in the memory 910 of the wireless terminal 900.

The processor 904 under control of various modules, e.g., routines,included in memory 910 controls operation of the wireless terminal 900to perform various signaling and processing. The modules included inmemory 910 are executed on startup or as called by other modules.Modules may exchange data, information, and signals when executed.Modules may also share data and information when executed. In the FIG. 9embodiment, the memory 910 of exemplary wireless terminal 900 includes asignaling/control module 912 and signaling/control data 914.

The signaling/control module 912 controls processing relating toreceiving and sending signals, e.g., messages, for management of stateinformation storage, retrieval, and processing. Signaling/control data914 includes state information, e.g., parameters, status and/or otherinformation relating to operation of the terminal. In particular, thesignaling/control data 914 includes beacon signal configurationinformation 916, e.g., the symbol periods in which the beacon signalbursts are to be transmitted and the signal forms of the beacon signalbursts including the frequency tones to be used, and receiver on timeand off time configuration information 918, e.g., the starting andending times of the on time intervals. The module 912 may access and/ormodify the data 914, e.g., update the configuration information 916 and918. The module 912 also includes the module for generating andtransmitting beacon signal bursts 911, the module for detecting beaconsignal bursts 913, and the synchronization module 915 for determiningand/or implementing timing and/or frequency synchronization informationas a function of received beacon signal information.

FIG. 10 is a drawing of a flowchart 1000 of an exemplary method ofoperating a portable wireless terminal in accordance with variousembodiments. Operation of the exemplary method starts in step 1002,where the wireless terminal is powered on and initialized and proceedsto step 1004. In step 1004, the wireless terminal is operated totransmit, during a first time interval, a beacon signal and user data.Step 1004 includes sub-step 1006 and sub-step 1008.

In sub-step 1006, the wireless terminal is operated to transmit a beaconsignal including a sequence of beacon signal bursts, each beacon signalburst including one or more beacon symbols, each beacon symbol occupyinga beacon symbol transmission unit, one or more beacon symbols beingtransmitted during each beacon symbol burst. In various embodiments, thetransmission power used for transmitting the beacon signal is from abattery power source. In some embodiments, the number of beacon symbolsin a beacon signal burst occupy less than 10 percent of the availablebeacon symbol transmission units. In some embodiments, each of thebeacon signal bursts transmitted in the sequence of beacon signal burstshave the same period. In other embodiments, at least some of the beaconsignal bursts transmitted in the sequence of beacon signal bursts haveperiods of different length.

Sub-step 1006 includes sub-step 1010. In sub-step 1010, the wirelessterminal is operated to transmit said beacon signal bursts at intervals,wherein a time period between two adjacent beacon signal bursts in saidsequence of beacon signal bursts is at least 5 times the duration ofeither of the two adjacent beacon signal bursts. In some embodiments,the time spacing between beacon signal bursts occurring during the firstperiod of time is constant with the beacon signal bursts occurring in aperiodic manner during the first period of time. In some suchembodiments, the duration of beacon signal bursts during said firstperiod of time is constant. In some embodiments, the time spacingbetween beacon signal bursts occurring during the first period of timevaries with the beacon signal bursts occurring during the first periodof time in accordance with a predetermined pattern. In some suchembodiments, the duration of beacon signal bursts during said firstperiod of time is constant. In some embodiments, the predeterminedpattern varies depending on the wireless terminal performing thetransmitting step. In various embodiments, the predetermined pattern isthe same for all wireless terminals in the system. In some embodiments,the pattern is a pseudo random pattern.

In sub-step 1008, the wireless terminal is operated to transmit userdata during the first time interval, said user data being transmittedusing data symbols transmitted at an average per symbol power level thatis at least 50 percent lower than the average per beacon symbol powerlevel of beacon symbols transmitted during the first time interval. Insome embodiments, the average per symbol transmission power level ofeach beacon symbol is at least 10 dB higher than the average per symboltransmission power level of symbols used to transmit data during thefirst time period. In some embodiments, the average per symboltransmission power level of each beacon symbol is at least 16 dB higherthan the average per symbol transmission power level of symbols used totransmit data during the first time period.

In various embodiments, the beacon symbols are transmitted using OFDMtone-symbols, said beacon symbols occupying less than 1 percent of thetone-symbols of a transmission resource used by said wireless terminalduring a period of time including multiple beacon symbol bursts. In somesuch embodiments, the beacon symbols occupy less than 0.1 percent of thetone-symbols in a portion of said period of time including one beaconsignal burst and one interval between successive beacon signal bursts.

In sub-step 1008, in some embodiments, the wireless terminal is operatedto transmit user data on at least 10 percent of the tone-symbols of thetransmission resource used by said wireless terminal during said firstperiod of time. In some such embodiments, the time duration of a beaconsignal burst time period occurring in said first period of time is atleast 50 times shorter than a time period occurring between twoconsecutive beacon signal bursts during said first period of time.

In some embodiments, the portable wireless terminal includes an OFDMtransmitter which transmits said beacon signal and the beacon signal iscommunicated using a resource which is a combination of frequency andtime. In some embodiments, the portable wireless terminal includes aCDMA transmitter which transmits said beacon signal and the beaconsignal is communicated using a resource which is a combination of codeand time.

FIG. 11 is a drawing of a flowchart 1100 of an exemplary method ofoperating a portable wireless terminal, e.g., a battery powered mobilenode in accordance with various embodiments. Operation starts in step1102, where the portable wireless terminal is powered on andinitialized. Operation proceeds from start step 1102 to step 1104, wherethe portable wireless terminal is operated to transmit a beacon signalincluding a sequence of beacon signal bursts, each beacon symbol burstincluding one or more beacon symbols, each beacon symbol occupying abeacon symbol transmission unit, one or more beacon symbols beingtransmitted during each burst. In some such embodiments, the beaconsymbols are transmitted using OFDM tone-symbols, and the beacon symbolsoccupy less than 1 percent of the tone-symbols of a transmissionresource used by said wireless terminal during a period of timeincluding multiple signal bursts. Operation proceeds from step 1104 tostep 1106.

In step 1106, the portable wireless terminal is operated to transmituser data on at least 10 percent of the tone-symbols used by saidwireless terminal during a period of time including multiple signalbursts. In some such embodiments, the time duration of a beacon signalburst occurring in said period of time is at least 50 times shorter thana time period occurring between two consecutive beacon signal burstsduring said period of time.

FIG. 12 is a drawing of a flowchart 1200 of an exemplary method ofoperating a portable wireless terminal, e.g., a battery powered mobilenode, in accordance with various embodiments. Operation starts in step1201, where the wireless terminal is powered on and initialized.Operation proceeds from start step 1201 to step 1202, where the wirelessterminal checks as to whether the wireless terminal is to transmitbeacon signals. If it is determined in step 1202 that the wirelessterminal is to transmit beacon signals, e.g., the wireless terminal isin a mode of operation or state of operation in which the wirelessterminal is to transmit beacon signals, operation proceeds from step1202 to step 1204; otherwise operation proceeds back to the input ofstep 1202 for another check as to whether a beacon signal is to betransmitted.

In step 1204, the wireless terminal checks whether or not it is time totransmit a beacon signal burst. If it is determined in step 1204 that itis time to transmit a beacon signal burst, then operation proceeds tostep 1206, where the wireless terminal transmits a beacon signal burstincluding one or more beacon symbols, each beacon symbol occupying abeacon symbol transmission unit. Operation proceeds from step 1206 tostep 1202.

If it is determined in step 1204 that it is not time to transmit abeacon signal burst, then operation proceeds to step 1208, in which thewireless terminal determines whether or not it is time for potentialuser data transmission. If it is determined in step 1208 that it is thetime allocated for potential user data transmissions, then operationproceeds from step 1208 to step 1210, otherwise operation proceeds fromstep 1208 to step 1202.

In step 1210, the wireless terminal determines if the wireless terminalis to transmit user data. If the wireless terminal is to transmit userdata, then operation proceeds from step 1210 to step 1212, where thewireless terminal transmits user data using data symbols transmitted atan average per symbol power level that is at least 50 percent lower thanthe average per beacon symbol power level of beacon symbols transmittedby said wireless terminal. If it is determined in step 1210, that thewireless terminal is not to transmit user data at this time, e.g., thewireless terminal has no backlog of user data waiting to be transmittedand/or a peer node to which the wireless terminal wants to send the datais not ready to receive the user data, then operation proceeds back tostep 1202.

FIG. 13 is a drawing of a flowchart 1300 of an exemplary method ofoperating a portable wireless terminal, e.g., a battery powered mobilenode, in accordance with various embodiments. Operation starts in step1302, where the wireless terminal is powered on and initialized.Operation proceeds from start step 1302 to steps 1304, 1306, 1308,connecting node A 1310 and connecting node B 1312. In step 1304, whichis performed on an ongoing basis, the wireless terminal tracks timing,outputting current time information 1314. Current time information 1314identifies, e.g., an index value in a recurring timing structure beingused by the wireless terminal.

In step 1306, the wireless terminal determines whether or not thewireless terminal is to transmit a beacon signal. The wireless terminaluses mode and/or state information 1316 and/or priority information 1318in determining whether or not the wireless terminal should transmit abeacon signal. If the wireless terminal decides in step 1306 that thewireless terminal is to transmit a beacon signal, operation proceeds tostep 1320, where the wireless terminal sets beacon active flag 1324.However, if the wireless terminal decides in step 1306 that the wirelessterminal is not to transmit a beacon signal, operation proceeds to step1322, where the wireless terminal clears the beacon active flag 1324.Operation proceeds from step 1320 or step 1322 back to step 1306, wherethe wireless terminal again tests as to whether or not a beacon signalshould be transmitted.

In step 1308, the wireless terminal determines whether or not thewireless terminal is cleared for data transmissions. The wirelessterminal uses mode and/or state information 1326, priority information1328, and/or peer node information 1330, e.g., information indicatingwhether or not a peer wireless terminal is receptive and able to receiveuser data, in determining whether or not the wireless terminal iscleared for data transmission. If the wireless terminal decides in step1308 that the wireless terminal is cleared to transmit user data,operation proceeds to step 1332, where the wireless terminal sets datatransmission flag 1336. However, if the wireless terminal decides instep 1308 that the wireless terminal is not cleared for user datatransmissions, operation proceeds to step 1334, where the wirelessterminal clears the data transmission flag 1336. Operation proceeds fromstep 1332 or step 1334 back to step 1308, where the wireless terminalagain tests as to whether or not the wireless terminal is cleared fordata transmission.

Returning to connecting node A 1310, operation proceeds from connectingnode A 1310 to step 1338. In step 1338, the wireless terminal checks asto whether the current time information 1314 indicates a beacon burstinterval with respect to the time structure information 1340 and whetheror not the beacon active flag 1324 is set. If the time indicates that itis a beacon burst interval and that the beacon active flag is set, thenoperation proceeds from step 1338 to step 1342; otherwise operationproceeds back to the input of step 1338 for another test of conditions.

In step 1342, the wireless terminal generates a beacon signal burst,said beacon signal burst including one or more beacon symbols, eachbeacon symbol occupying a beacon symbol transmission unit. The wirelessterminal utilizes current time information 1314 and stored beacon signaldefinition information 1344 in generating the beacon signal burst. Thebeacon signal definition information 1344 includes, e.g., burst signaldefinition information and/or pattern information. In some embodiments,beacon signal burst information includes information identifying asubset of OFDM tone-symbols used for conveying beacon symbolscorresponding to the generated beacon burst signal for the wirelessterminal within a set of potential OFDM tone-symbols which may be usedto carry beacon symbols. In some embodiments, the tone-subset for onebeacon signal burst may be, and sometimes is, different from one beaconsignal burst to the next within the same beacon signal, e.g., inaccordance with a predetermined hopping pattern. In some embodiments,beacon signal information includes information identifying themodulation symbol values to be conveyed by the beacon tone symbols ofthe generated beacon burst signal. In some embodiments, a sequence ofbeacon signal bursts is used to define a beacon signal, e.g.,corresponding to a particular wireless terminal. In some embodiments, apattern of beacon symbols is utilized to define the beacon signal, e.g.,a particular pattern within the beacon burst signal.

Operation proceeds from step 1342 to step 1346, in which the wirelessterminal transmits the generated beacon burst signal. The wirelessterminal uses stored beacon symbol power level information 1348 todetermine the transmission power level of the beacon symbols within thetransmitted beacon burst signal. Operation then proceeds from step 1346to step 1338.

Returning to connecting node B 1312, operation proceeds from connectingnode B 1312 to step 1350. In step 1350, the wireless terminal checks asto whether the current time information 1314 indicates a datatransmission interval with respect to the time structure information1340, whether or not the data transmission flag 1336 is set, and whetherthe wireless terminal has data to transmit as indicated by user backloginformation 1352. If the indications are that it is a data transmissioninterval, that the data transmission flag 1336 is set and that thewireless terminal has data waiting to be transmitted, then operationproceeds from step 1350 to step 1354; otherwise operation proceeds backto the input of step 1350 for another test of conditions.

In step 1354, the wireless terminal generates signals including userdata 1356. User data 1356 includes, e.g., audio, image, file, and/ortext data/information intended for a peer of the wireless terminal.

Operation proceeds from step 1354 to step 1358, in which the wirelessterminal transmits the generated signals including user data. Thewireless terminal uses stored user data symbol power level information1360 to determine the transmission power level of the user data symbolsto be transmitted. Operation proceeds from step 1358 to step 1350 wherethe wireless terminal performs checks pertaining to user datatransmission.

In some embodiments, the number of beacon symbols within a beacon signalburst occupy less than 10 percent of the available beacon symboltransmission units. In various embodiments, the user data symbols aretransmitted at an average per symbol power level that is at least 50percent lower than the average per beacon symbol power level oftransmitted beacon symbols.

FIG. 14 includes drawing 1400 illustrating exemplary beacon signalingfrom a portable wireless terminal, in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment in which the same beacon burst signal, beacon burst 1, isrepeated between non-beacon burst intervals. Each beacon signal burstincludes one or more beacon symbols, each beacon symbol occupying abeacon symbol transmission unit, one or more beacon symbols beingtransmitted during each beacon signal burst. Frequency, e.g., OFDMtones, is plotted on the vertical axis 1402, while time is plotted onhorizontal axis 1404. The following sequence is illustrated in drawing1400: beacon burst 1 signal interval including beacon burst 1 signal1406, non-burst interval 1408, beacon burst 1 signal interval includingbeacon burst 1 signal 1410, non-burst interval 1412, beacon burst 1signal interval including beacon burst 1 signal 1414, non-burst interval1416, beacon burst 1 signal interval including beacon burst 1 signal1418, non-burst interval 1420. In this example, each beacon burst signal(1406, 1410, 1414, 1418) corresponds to a beacon signal (1422, 1424,1426, 1428). In addition in this example, each beacon burst signal(1422, 1424, 1426, 1428) is the same; each beacon burst signal includesthe same beacon symbols.

FIG. 14 also includes drawing 1450 illustrating exemplary beaconsignaling from a portable wireless terminal in which a beacon signal isa composite signal including a sequence of beacon burst signals. Eachbeacon signal burst includes one or more beacon symbols, each beaconsymbol occupying a beacon symbol transmission unit, one or more beaconsymbols being transmitted during each beacon signal burst. Frequency,e.g., OFDM tones, is plotted on the vertical axis 1452, while time isplotted on horizontal axis 1454. The following sequence is illustratedin drawing 1450: beacon burst 1 signal interval including beacon burst 1signal 1456, non-burst interval 1458, beacon burst 2 signal intervalincluding beacon burst 2 signal 1460, non-burst interval 1462, beaconburst 3 signal interval including beacon burst 3 signal 1464, non-burstinterval 1466, beacon burst 1 signal interval including beacon burst 1signal 1468, non-burst interval 1470. In this example, beacon signal1472 is a composite signal including beacon burst 1 signal 1456, beaconburst 2 signal 1460 and beacon burst 3 signal 1464. In addition in thisexample, each beacon burst signal (beacon burst 1 signal 1456, beaconburst 2 signal 1460, beacon burst 3 signal 1464) is different; e.g.,each beacon burst signal includes a set of beacon symbols which does notmatch either set corresponding to the other two beacon burst signals.

In some embodiments, the beacon symbols occupy less than 0.3 percent ofthe air resource including one beacon signal burst and one intervalbetween successive beacon signal bursts. In some such embodiments, thebeacon symbols occupy less than 0.1 percent of the air resourceincluding one beacon signal burst and one interval between successivebeacon signal bursts. The air resource in some embodiments includes aset of OFDM tone-symbols corresponding to a set of tones for apredetermined time interval.

FIG. 15 illustrates that different wireless terminals, in someembodiments, transmit different beacon signals including differentbeacon burst signals. Different beacon signals transmitted from wirelessterminals can be, and sometimes are, used for wireless terminalidentification. For example, consider that drawing 1500 includes arepresentation of a beacon burst signal associated with wirelessterminal A, while drawing 1550 includes a representation of a beaconburst signal associated with wireless terminal B. Legend 1502corresponds to drawing 1500, while legend 1552 corresponds to drawing1550.

Legend 1502 indicates that with respect to the beacon burst signal forWT A, grid box 1510 represents a beacon symbol transmission unit, whilelarge letter B 1512 represents a beacon symbol conveyed by a beacontransmission unit. In drawing 1500, vertical axis 1504 representsfrequency, e.g., OFDM tone index, while horizontal axis 1506 representsbeacon transmission unit time index within the beacon burst signal.Beacon burst signal 1508 includes 100 beacon symbol transmission units1510. Two of those beacon symbol transmission units carry a beaconsymbol B 1512. A first beacon symbol has frequency index=3 and timeindex=0; a second beacon symbol has frequency index=9 and time index=6.The other beacon symbol transmission units are left unused. Thus in thisexample 2% of the transmission resources of the beacon burst are used toconvey beacon symbols. In some embodiments beacon symbols occupy lessthan 10% of the transmission resources of the beacon burst.

Legend 1552 indicates that with respect to the beacon burst signal forWT B, grid box 1510 represents a beacon symbol transmission unit, whilelarge letter B 1512 represents a beacon symbol conveyed by a beacontransmission unit. In drawing 1550, vertical axis 1504 representsfrequency, e.g., OFDM tone index, while horizontal axis 1556 representsbeacon transmission unit time index within the beacon burst signal.Beacon burst signal 1558 includes 100 beacon symbol transmission units1510. Two of those beacon symbol transmission units carry a beaconsymbol B 1512. A first beacon symbol has frequency index=3 and timeindex=2; a second beacon symbol has frequency index=7 and time index=6.The other beacon symbol transmission units are left unused. Thus in thisexample 2% of the transmission resources of the beacon burst are used toconvey beacon symbols.

FIG. 16 is a drawing 1600 and corresponding legend 1602 illustrating afeature of some embodiments, in which a beacon symbol transmission unitincludes a plurality of OFDM symbol transmission units. In this example,a beacon symbol transmission unit occupies two adjacent OFDM symboltransmission units. In other embodiments, a beacon symbol transmissionunit occupies a different number of OFDM transmission units, e.g., 3, or4. This feature of using multiple OFDM transmission units for a beaconsymbol transmission unit can facilitate easy detection of a beaconsignal, e.g., where precise timing and/or frequency synchronizationbetween wireless terminals may not exist. In some embodiments, thebeacon symbol includes an initial beacon symbol portion followed by anextension beacon symbol portion. For example, the initial beacon symbolportion includes a cyclic prefix portion followed by a body portion, andthe extension beacon symbol portion is a continuation of the bodyportion.

Legend 1602 illustrates that for the exemplary beacon burst signal 1610,an OFDM transmission unit is represented by square box 1612, while abeacon symbol transmission unit is represented by rectangular box 1614with heavy borders. Large letters BS 1616 represent a beacon symbolconveyed by a beacon transmission unit.

In drawing 1600, vertical axis 1604 represents frequency, e.g., OFDMtone index, while horizontal axis 1606 represents beacon transmissionunit time index within the beacon burst signal, and horizontal axis 1608represents OFDM symbol time interval index within the beacon burstsignal. Beacon burst signal 1610 includes 100 OFDM symbol transmissionunits 1612 and 50 beacon symbol transmission units 1614. Two of thosebeacon symbol transmission units carry a beacon symbol BS 1616. A firstbeacon symbol has frequency index=3, beacon transmission unit timeindex=0, and OFDM time index 0-1; a second beacon symbol has frequencyindex=9, beacon transmission unit time index=3, and OFDM time index 6-7.The other beacon symbol transmission units are left unused. Thus in thisexample 4% of the transmission resources of the beacon burst are used toconvey beacon symbols. In some embodiments beacon symbols occupy lessthan 10% of the transmission resources of the beacon burst.

FIG. 17 is a drawing 1700 used to illustrate an exemplary beacon signalcomprising a sequence of beacon burst signals and to illustrate timingrelationships of some embodiments. Drawing 1700 includes a vertical axis1702 representing frequency, e.g., OFDM tone index, while the horizontalaxis 1704 represents time. The exemplary beacon signal of drawing 1700includes beacon burst 1 signal 1706, beacon burst 2 signal 1708 andbeacon burst 3 signal 1710. The exemplary beacon signal of drawing 1700is, e.g., the composite beacon signal 1472 of drawing 1450 of FIG. 14.

Beacon burst signal 1706 includes two beacon symbols 1707; beacon burstsignal 1708 includes two beacon symbols 1709; beacon burst signal 1710includes two beacon symbols 1711. In this example, the beacon symbols ineach burst occur in different beacon transmission unit positions in thetime/frequency grid. In addition in this example, the change ofpositions is in accordance with a predetermined tone hopping sequence.

Along time axis 1704, there is a beacon burst 1 signal time intervalT_(B1) 1712 corresponding to beacon burst 1 signal 1706, followed by abetween burst time interval T_(BB1/2) 1718, followed by a beacon burst 2signal time interval T_(B2) 1714 corresponding to beacon burst 2 signal1708, followed by a between burst time interval T_(BB2/3) 1720, followedby a beacon burst 3 signal time interval T_(B3) 1716 corresponding tobeacon burst 3 signal 1710. In this example, the time between beaconbursts is at least 5 times greater than the time of an adjacent burst.For example, T_(BB1/2)≧5 T_(B1) and T_(BB1/2)≧5 T_(B2); T_(BB2/3)≧5T_(B2) and T_(BB2/3)≧5 T_(B3). In this example, each of the beaconbursts (1706, 1708, 1710) have the same time duration, e.g.,T_(B1)=T_(B2)=T_(B3).

FIG. 18 is a drawing 1800 used to illustrate an exemplary beacon signalcomprising a sequence of beacon burst signals and to illustrate timingrelationships of some embodiments. Drawing 1800 includes a vertical axis1802 representing frequency, e.g., OFDM tone index, while the horizontalaxis 1804 represents time. The exemplary beacon signal of drawing 1800includes beacon burst 1 signal 1806, beacon burst 2 signal 1808 andbeacon burst 3 signal 1810. The exemplary beacon signal of drawing 1800is, e.g., the composite beacon signal 1472 of drawing 1450 of FIG. 14.

Beacon burst signal 1806 includes two beacon symbols 1807; beacon burstsignal 1808 includes two beacon symbols 1809; beacon burst signal 1810includes two beacon symbols 1811. In this example, the beacon symbols ineach burst occur in different beacon transmission unit positions in thetime/frequency grid. In addition in this example, the change ofpositions is in accordance with a predetermined tone hopping sequence.

Along time axis 1804, there is a beacon burst 1 signal time intervalT_(B1) 1812 corresponding to beacon burst 1 signal 1806, followed by abetween burst time interval T_(BB1/2) 1818, followed by a beacon burst 2signal time interval T_(B2) 1814 corresponding to beacon burst 2 signal1808, followed by a between burst time interval T_(BB2/3) 1820, followedby a beacon burst 3 signal time interval T_(B3) 1816 corresponding tobeacon burst 3 signal 1810. In this example, the time between beaconbursts is at least 5 times greater than the time of an adjacent burst.For example, T_(BB1/2)≧5 T^(B1) and T_(BB1/2)≧5 T_(B2); T_(BB2/3)≧5T_(B2) and T_(BB2/3)≧5 T_(B3). In this example, each of the beaconbursts (1806, 1808, 1810) have the different time duration, e.g.,T_(B1)≠T_(B2)≠T_(B3)≠T_(B1). In some embodiments, at least two of thebeacon burst signals in the composite beacon signal have differentduration.

FIG. 19 is a drawing 1900 illustrating exemplary air link resourcepartitioning by a wireless terminal in a mode of operation in which thewireless terminal transmits a beacon signal. Vertical axis 1902represents frequency, e.g., OFD tones, while horizontal axis 1904represents time. In this example, there is a beacon transmissionresource 1906, followed by an other use resource 1908, followed by abeacon transmission resource 1906′, followed by an other use resource1908′, followed by a beacon transmission resource 1906″, followed by another use resource 1908″, followed by a beacon transmission resource1906′″, followed by an other use resource 1908′″. A beacon transmissionresource of FIG. 19 corresponds, e.g., to a beacon burst of FIG. 14,while an other use resource of FIG. 19 corresponds, e.g., to a non-burstinterval of FIG. 14.

FIG. 20 describes an exemplary other use resource, e.g., resource 2000,for an exemplary mode of wireless terminal operation in which thewireless terminal transmits a beacon signal and can receive and/ortransmit user data, e.g., an active mode of operation. Other useresource 2000 occurs during non-burst interval 2002 and includes: abeacon monitoring resource 2004, a user data transmission/receiveresource 2006 and a silence or unused resource 2008. The beaconmonitoring resource 2004 represents air link resources, e.g., acombination of frequency and time, in which the wireless terminaldetects for the presence of other beacon signals, e.g., from otherwireless terminals and/or fixed position reference beacon signaltransmitters. The user data resource 2006 represents air link resources,e.g., a combination of frequency and time, in which the wirelessterminal can transmit user data and/or receive user data. The silenceair link resource 2008 represents unused air link resources, e.g., wherethe wireless terminal neither receives nor transmits. During the silenceresource 2008, the wireless can be, and sometimes is, in a sleep statein which power consumption is lowered to conserve energy.

FIG. 21 illustrates two exemplary modes of wireless terminal operationin which the wireless terminal is transmitting a beacon signal, e.g., aninactive mode and an active mode. Drawing 2100 corresponds to theexemplary inactive mode of operation, while drawing 2150 corresponds tothe active mode of operation.

In the exemplary inactive mode of operation, the wireless terminal doesnot transmit or receiver user data. In drawing 2100, the air linkresource used by the wireless terminal occupies N tones 2108. In someembodiments, N is greater than or equal to 100. In drawing 2100, thereis a beacon transmission burst resource 2102 with a corresponding timeduration T_(1inactive) 2110, followed by a monitor and receive beaconinformation resource 2104 with a corresponding time durationT_(2inactive) 2112, followed by a silence resource 2106 with acorresponding time duration T_(3inactive) 2114. In various embodiments,T_(1inactive)<T_(2inactive)<T_(3inactive). In some embodiments,T_(2inactive)≧4T_(1inactive). In some embodiments,T_(3inactive)≧10T_(2inactive). For, example, in one exemplary embodimentN>100, e.g. 113, T_(1inactive)=50 OFDM symbol transmission timeintervals, T_(2inactive)=200 OFDM symbol transmission time intervals,and T_(3inactive)=2000 OFDM symbol transmission time intervals. In suchan embodiment, if beacon symbols are allowed to occupy at most 10% ofthe burst beacon signal resource, beacon symbols occupy approximately atmost 0.22% of the total resource.

In the exemplary active mode of operation, the wireless terminal cantransmit and receive user data. In drawing 2150, the air link resourceused by the wireless terminal occupies N tones 2108. In someembodiments, N is greater than or equal to 100. In drawing 2150, thereis a beacon transmission burst resource 2152 with a corresponding timeduration T_(1active) 2162, followed by a monitor and receive beaconinformation resource 2154 with a corresponding time duration T_(2active)2164, followed by a user data transmit/receive resource 2156 with acorresponding time duration T_(3active) 2166, followed by a silenceresource 2158 with a corresponding time duration T_(4active) 2168. Invarious embodiments, T_(1active)<T_(2active)<T_(3active). In someembodiments, T_(2active)≧4T_(1active). In some embodiments,(T_(3active)+T_(4active))≧10T_(2inactive). In various embodimentsT_(1inactive)=T_(1active). In some embodiments, there are guardintervals between at least some of the different types of intervals.

FIG. 22 is a drawing 2200 and corresponding legend 2202 illustratingexemplary wireless terminal air link resource utilization during anexemplary first time interval 2209 including two beacon bursts. Legend2202 indicates that a square 2204 indicates an OFDM tone-symbol, thebasic transmission unit of the air link resource. Legend 2202 alsoindicates that: (i) a beacon symbol is indicated by a shaded square 2206and is transmitted at an average transmission power level P_(B), (ii) auser data symbol is indicated by a letter D 2208 and that data symbolsare transmitted such as to have an average transmission power levelP_(D), and (iii) P_(B)≧2P_(D).

In this example, the beacon transmission resource 2210 includes 20 OFDMtone-symbols; the beacon monitoring resource 2212 includes 40 OFDMtone-symbols; the user data transmission/receive resource 2214 includes100 OFDM tone-symbols; and the beacon transmission resource 2216includes 20 OFDM tone-symbols.

Beacon transmission resources 2210 and 2216 each carry one beacon symbol2206. This represents 5% of the transmission resources allocated forbeacon burst signaling. Forty-eight (48) of the 100 OFDM symbols of theuser data TX/RX resource 2214 carry a user data symbol being transmittedby the wireless terminal. This represents 48/180 OFDM symbols being usedby the wireless terminal during the first time interval 2209. Assumethat the WT switches from TX to receive for the 6^(th) OFDM symboltransmission time interval of the user data portion, then user datasymbols are transmitted on 48/90 OFDM tone-symbols used by the wirelessterminal for transmission during the first time interval. In someembodiments, when the wireless terminal transmits user data, thewireless terminal transmits user data on at least 10% of thetransmission resource used by the wireless terminal during a period oftime including multiple beacon signal bursts.

In some embodiments, at different times the user data transmit/receiveresource can be, and sometime is used differently, e.g., exclusively fortransmission including user data, exclusively for reception includinguser data, portioned between receive and transmit, e.g., on a time sharebasis.

FIG. 23 is a drawing 2300 and corresponding legend 2302 illustratingexemplary wireless terminal air link resource utilization during anexemplary first time interval 2315 including two beacon bursts. Legend2302 indicates that a square 2304 indicates an OFDM tone-symbol, thebasic transmission unit of the air link resource. Legend 2302 alsoindicates that: (i) a beacon symbol is indicated by a large verticalarrow 2306 and is transmitted at an average transmission power levelP_(B), (ii) user data symbols are indicated by small arrows 2308, 2310,2312, 2314, which correspond to different phases (Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃, Θ₄),respectively, e.g., corresponding to QPSK, and that data symbols aretransmitted such as to have an average transmission power level P_(D),and (iii) P_(B)≧2P_(D).

In this example, the beacon transmission resource 2316 includes 20 OFDMtone-symbols; the beacon monitoring resource 2318 includes 40 OFDMtone-symbols; the user data transmission/receive resource 2320 includes100 OFDM tone-symbols; and the beacon transmission resource 2322includes 20 OFDM tone-symbols.

Beacon transmission resources 2316 and 2322 each carry one beacon symbol2306. In this embodiment, the beacon symbols have the same amplitude andphase. This amount of beacon symbols represents 5% of the transmissionresources allocated for beacon burst signaling. Forty-eight (48) of the100 OFDM symbols of the user data TX/RX resource 2320 carry a user datasymbol. In this embodiment, different data symbols can and sometimes do,have different phase. In some embodiments, different data symbols can,and sometimes do have different amplitude. This amount of data symbolsrepresents 48/180 OFDM symbols being used by the wireless terminalduring the first time interval 2315. Assume that the WT switches from TXto receive for the 6^(th) OFDM symbol transmission time interval of theuser data portion, then user data symbols are transmitted on 48/90 OFDMtone-symbols used by the wireless terminal for transmission during thefirst time interval. In some embodiments, when the wireless terminaltransmits user data, the wireless terminal transmits user data on atleast 10% of the transmission resource used by the wireless terminalduring a period of time including multiple beacon signal bursts.

In some embodiments, at different times the user data transmit/receiveresource can be, and sometime is used differently, e.g., exclusively fortransmission including user data, exclusively for reception includinguser data, portioned between receive and transmit, e.g., on a time sharebasis.

FIG. 24 illustrates an alternative descriptive representation withrespect to beacon signals. Drawing 2400 and associated legend 2402 areused to describe an exemplary beacon signal in accordance with variousembodiments. Vertical axis 2412 represents frequency, e.g., OFDM toneindex, while horizontal axis 2414 represents beacon resource time index.Legend 2402 identifies that a beacon signal burst is identified by heavyline rectangle 2404, a beacon symbol transmission unit is identified bya square box 2406, and a beacon symbol is represented by a bold letter B2416. The beacon signal resource 2410 includes 100 beacon symboltransmission units 2406. Three beacon burst signals 2404 are showncorresponding to time index values=0, 4, and 8. One beacon symbol 2416occurs in each beacon burst signal, and the location of the beaconsymbol changes from one burst signal to the next within the beaconsignal, e.g., in accordance with a predetermined pattern and/orequation. In this embodiment, the beacon symbol location follows aslope. In this example, the beacon bursts are separated from each otherby three times the duration of a beacon burst. In various embodiments,the beacon bursts are separated from one another by at least twice theduration of a beacon symbol. In some embodiments, a beacon burst mayoccupy two or more successive beacon resource time intervals, e.g., withthe same tone being used for multiple successive beacon time indexes. Insome embodiments, a beacon burst includes multiple beacon symbols. Insome such embodiments, beacon symbols occupy 10% or less of the beaconsignal resource.

FIG. 25 is a drawing of an exemplary portable wireless terminal 2500,e.g., mobile node, in accordance with various embodiments. Exemplaryportable wireless terminal 2500 may be any of the wireless terminals ofFIG. 1.

Exemplary wireless terminal 2500 includes a receiver module 2502, atransmission module 2504, a duplex module 2503, a processor 2506, userI/O devices 2508, a power supply module 2510 and memory 2512 coupledtogether via a bus 2514 over which the various elements may interchangedata and information.

Receiver module 2502, e.g., an OFDM receiver, receives signals fromother wireless terminals and/or fixed location beacon transmitters,e.g., beacon signals and/or user data signals.

Transmission module 2504, e.g., an OFDM transmitter, transmits signalsto other wireless terminals, said transmitted signals including beaconsignals and user data signals. A beacon signal includes a sequence ofbeacon signal bursts, each beacon signal burst including one or morebeacon symbols, and each beacon symbol occupies a beacon symboltransmission unit. One or more beacon symbols are transmitted bytransmission module 2504 for each transmitted beacon signal burst.

In various embodiments, the transmission module 2504 is an OFDMtransmitter which transmits beacon signals and the beacon signal iscommunicated using a resource which is a combination of frequency andtime. In various other embodiments, the transmission module 2504 is aCDMA transmitter which transmits beacon signals and the beacon signal iscommunicated using a resource which is a combination of code and time.

Duplex module 2503 is controlled to switch the antenna 2505 between thereceiver module 2502 and transmission module 2504, as part of a timedivision duplex (TDD) spectrum system implementation. The duplex module2503 is coupled to antenna 2505 via which the wireless terminal 2500receives signals 2582 and transmits signals 2588. Duplex module 2503 iscoupled to receiver module 2502 via link 2501 over which receivedsignals 2584 are conveyed. Signal 2584 is, in some embodiments, afiltered representation of signal 2582. Signal 2584 is, in someembodiments, the same as signal 2582, e.g., module 2503 functions as apass thru device without filtering. Duplex module 2503 is coupled totransmission module 2504 via link 2507 over which transmit signals 2586are conveyed. Signal 2588 is, in some embodiments, a filteredrepresentation of signal 2586. Signal 2588 is, in some embodiments, thesame signal 2586, e.g., duplex module 2503 functions as a pass thrudevice without filtering.

User I/O devices 2508 include, e.g., microphone, keyboard, keypad,switches, camera, speaker, display, etc. User devices 2508, allow a userto input data/information, access output data/information, and controlat least some operations of the wireless terminal, e.g., initiate apower up sequence, attempt to establish a communications session,terminate a communications session.

The power supply module 2510 includes a battery 2511 utilized as asource of portable wireless terminal power. The output of the powersupply module 2510 is coupled to the various components (2502, 2503,2504, 2506, 2508, and 2512) via power bus 2509 to provide power. Thus,transmission module 2504 transmits beacon signals using battery power.

Memory 2512 includes routines 2516 and data/information 2518. Theprocessor 2506, e.g., a CPU, executes the routines 2516 and uses thedata/information 2518 in memory 2512 to control the operation of thewireless terminal 2500 and implement methods. Routines 2516 includebeacon signal generation module 2520, user data signal generation module2522, transmission power control module 2524, beacon signal transmissioncontrol module 2526, mode control module 2528 and duplex control module2530.

Beacon signal generation module 2520 uses the data information 2518 inmemory 2512 including stored beacon signal characteristic information2532 to generate beacon signals, a beacon signal including a sequence ofbeacon signal bursts, each beacon signal burst including one or morebeacon symbols.

User data signal generation module 2522 uses the data/information 2518including user data characteristic information 2534 and user data 2547to generate a user data signal, said user data signal including userdata symbols. For example, information bits representing the user data2547 are mapped to a set of data symbols, e.g., OFDM data modulationsymbols in accordance with constellation information 2564. Transmissionpower control module 2524 uses the data/information 2518 includingbeacon power information 2562 and user data power information 2566 tocontrol the transmission power level of beacon symbols and data symbols.In some embodiments, during a first period of time, the transmissionpower control module 2524 controls the data symbols to be transmitted atan average per symbol power level that is at least 50 percent lower thanthe average per beacon symbol power level of the beacon symbolstransmitted. In some embodiments, the transmission power control module2524 controls the average per symbol transmission power level of eachbeacon symbol transmitted during a first period of time to be at least10 dB higher than the average per symbol transmission power level ofsymbols used to transmit user data during a first period of time. Insome embodiments, the transmission power control module 2524 controlsthe average per symbol transmission power level of each beacon symboltransmitted during a first period of time to be at least 16 dB higherthan the average per symbol transmission power level of symbols used totransmit user data during a first period of time. In some embodiments,the beacon symbol power level and one or more data symbol power levelsare interrelated with respect to a reference being used by the wirelessterminal, and the reference may be, and sometimes does change. In somesuch embodiments, the first period of time is a time interval duringwhich the reference level does not change.

Beacon signal transmission control module 2526 uses the data/information2518 including the timing structure information 2536 to control thetransmission module 2504 to transmit beacon signal bursts at intervals.In some embodiments, the time period between two adjacent beacon signalbursts in a sequence of beacon signal bursts is controlled to be atleast 5 times the duration of either of the two adjacent beacon signalbursts. In various embodiments, at least some different beacon signalbursts have periods of different lengths.

Mode control module 2528 controls the wireless terminal's mode ofoperation with the current mode of operation being identified by modeinformation 2540. In some embodiments, the various modes of operationinclude an OFF mode, a receive only mode, an inactive mode, and anactive mode. In the inactive mode, the wireless terminal can send andreceive beacon signals but is not permitted to transmit user data. Inthe active mode, the wireless can send and receive user data signals inaddition to beacon signals. In inactive mode, the wireless terminal isin a silence, e.g., sleep, state of low power consumption, for a longertime than in an active mode of operation.

Duplex control module 2530 controls the duplex module 2503 to switch theantenna connection between receiver module 2502 and transmission module2504 in response to TDD system timing information and/or user needs. Forexample, a user data interval in a timing structure is, in someembodiments, available for either receive or transmit with the selectionbeing a function of the wireless terminal needs. In various embodiments,the duplex control module 2530 also operates to shut down at least somecircuitry in receiver module 2502 and/or transmission module 2504, whennot in use to conserve power.

Data/information 2518 includes stored beacon signal characteristicinformation 2532, user data characteristic information 2534, timingstructure information 2536, air link resource information 2538, modeinformation 2540, generated beacon signal information 2542, generateddata signal information 2544, duplex control signal information 2546,and user data 2547. Stored beacon signal characteristic information 2532includes one or more sets of beacon burst information (beacon burst 1information 2548, . . . , beacon burst N information 2550), beaconsymbol information 2560, and power information 2562.

Beacon burst 1 information 2548 includes information identifying beacontransmission units carrying a beacon symbol 2556 and beacon burstduration information 2558. Information identifying beacon transmissionunits carrying a beacon symbol 2556 is used by beacon signal generationmodule 2520 in identifying which beacon transmission units in a beaconsignal burst are to be occupied by beacon symbols. In variousembodiments, the other beacon transmission units of the beacon burst areset to be nulls, e.g., no transmission power applied with respect tothose other beacon transmission units. In some embodiments, the numberof beacon symbols in a beacon signal burst occupy less than 10 percentof the available beacon symbol transmission units. In some embodiments,the number of beacon symbols in a beacon signal burst occupy less thanor equal to 10 percent of the available beacon symbol transmissionunits. Beacon signal burst duration information 2558 includesinformation defining the duration of beacon burst 1. In some embodimentseach of the beacon bursts have the same duration, while in otherembodiments, different beacon bursts within the same composite beaconsignal can, and sometimes do, have different duration. In someembodiments, one beacon burst in a sequence of beacon bursts has adifferent duration, and this may be useful for synchronization purposes.

Beacon symbol information 2560 includes information defining the beaconsymbol, e.g., the modulation value and/or characteristic of the beaconsymbol. In various embodiments, the same beacon symbol value is used foreach of the identified positions to carry a beacon symbol in information2556, e.g., the beacon symbol has the same amplitude and phase. Invarious embodiments, different beacon symbol values can be, andsometimes are used for at least some of the identified positions tocarry a beacon symbol in information 2556, e.g., the beacon symbol valuehas the same amplitude but can have one of two potential phases, thusfacilitating the communication of additional information via the beaconsignal. Power information 2562 includes, e.g., power gain scale factorinformation used with respect to beacon symbol transmissions.

User data characteristic information 2534 includes constellationinformation 2564 and power information 2566. Constellation information2564 identifies, e.g., QPSK, QAM 16, QAM 64, and/or QAM 256, etc, andmodulation symbol values associated with the constellation. Powerinformation 2566 includes, e.g., power gain scale factor informationused with respect to data symbol transmissions.

Timing structure information 2536 includes information identifyingintervals associated with various operations, e.g., a beacontransmission time interval, an interval for monitoring for beaconsignals from other wireless terminals and/or fixed location beacontransmitters, a user data interval, a silence, e.g., sleep, interval,etc. Timing structure information 2536 includes transmission timingstructure information 2572 which includes beacon burst durationinformation 2574, beacon burst spacing information 2576, patterninformation 2578, and data signaling information 2580.

In some embodiments, the beacon burst duration information 2574identifies that the duration of a beacon burst is a constant, e.g., 100successive OFDM transmission time intervals. In some embodiments, thebeacon burst duration information 2574 identifies that the duration of abeacon burst varies, e.g., in accordance with a predetermined patternspecified by pattern information 2578. In various embodiments, thepredetermined pattern is a function of a wireless terminal identifier.In other embodiments, the predetermined pattern is the same for allwireless terminals in the system. In some embodiments, the predeterminedpattern is a pseudo random pattern.

In some embodiments, beacon burst duration information 2574 and beaconburst spacing information 2576 indicate that the duration of a beaconburst is at least 50 times shorter than the interval of time from theend of the beacon burst to the start of the next beacon burst. In someembodiments, the beacon burst spacing information 2576 indicates thatthe spacing between beacon bursts is constant with beacon burstsoccurring in a periodic manner during a period of time in which thewireless terminal is transmitting beacon signals. In some embodiments,the beacon burst spacing information 2576 indicates that the beaconbursts are transmitted with the same interval spacing whether thewireless terminal is in an inactive mode or an active mode. In otherembodiments, the beacon burst spacing information 2576 indicates thatthe beacon bursts are transmitted using different interval spacing as afunction of the wireless terminal operational mode, e.g., whether thewireless terminal is in an inactive mode or an active mode.

Air link resource information 2538 includes beacon transmission resourceinformation 2568 and other use resource information 2570. In someembodiments, air link resources are defined in terms of OFDMtone-symbols in a frequency time grid, e.g., as part of a wirelesscommunication system such as a TDD system. Beacon transmission resourceinformation 2568 includes information identifying air link resourcesallocated to WT 2500 for beacon signals, e.g., a block of OFDMtone-symbols to be used to transmit a beacon burst including at leastone beacon symbol. Beacon transmission resource information 2568 alsoincludes information identifying beacon transmission units. In someembodiments a beacon transmission unit is a single OFDM tone-symbol. Insome embodiments, a beacon transmission unit is a set of OFDMtransmission units, e.g., a set of contiguous OFDM tone-symbols. Otheruse resource information 2570 includes information identifying air linkresources to be used by WT 2500 for other purposes such as, e.g., beaconsignal monitoring, receive/transmit user data. Some of the air linkresources may be, and sometimes are, intentionally not used, e.g.,corresponding to a silence state, e.g., sleep state, which conservespower. In some embodiments a beacon symbol is transmitted using the airlink resource of OFDM tone-symbols, and beacon symbols occupy less than1 percent of the tone-symbols of the transmission resource used by saidwireless terminal during a period of time including multiple beaconsignal bursts and at least one user data signal. In various embodiments,beacon signals occupy less than 0.3 percent of the tone symbols in aportion of a period of time, said portion of said period of timeincluding one beacon signal burst and one interval between successivebeacon signal bursts. In various embodiments, beacon signals occupy lessthan 0.1 percent of the tone symbols in a portion of a period of time,said portion of said period of time including one beacon signal burstand one interval between successive beacon signal bursts. In variousembodiments, during at least some modes of operation, e.g., an activemode of operation, the transmission module 2504 can transmit user data,and when the wireless terminal transmits user data, user data istransmitted on at least 10 percent of the tone-symbols of thetransmission resource used by said wireless terminal during a period oftime including the user data signal transmission and two adjacent beaconsignal bursts.

Generated beacon signal 2542 is an output of beacon signal generationmodule 2520, while generated data signal 2544 is an output of user datasignal generation module 2522. The generated signals (2542, 2544) aredirected to transmission module 2504. User data 2547 includes, e.g.,audio, voice, image, text and/or file data/information that is used asinput by user data signal generation module 2522. Duplex control signal2546 represents output of duplex control module 2530, and the outputsignal 2546 is directed to duplex module 2503 to control antennaswitching and/or to a receiver module 2502 or transmitter module 2504 toshut down at least some circuitry and conserve power.

FIG. 26 is a drawing of a flowchart 2600 of an exemplary method ofoperating a communications device, e.g., a battery powered wirelessterminal, in accordance with various embodiments. Operation starts instep 2602, where the communications device is powered on andinitialized. Operation proceeds from start step 2602 to step 2604 andstep 2606.

In step 2604, which is performed on an ongoing basis, the communicationsdevice maintains time information. Time information 2605 is output fromstep 2604 and used in step 2606. In step 2606, the communications devicedetermines whether a time period is a beacon receive time period, abeacon transmission time period, or a silence time period, and proceedsdifferently depending on the determination. If the time period is abeacon receive time period, then operation proceeds from step 2606 tostep 2610, where the communications device performs a beacon signaldetection operation.

If the time period is a beacon transmission time period, then operationproceeds from step 2606 to step 2620, where the communications devicetransmits at least a portion of a beacon signal, said transmittedportion including at least one beacon symbol.

If the time period is a silence time period, then operation proceedsfrom step 2606 to step 2622, where the communications device refrainsfrom transmitting and refrains from operating to detect beacon signals.In some embodiments, the communications device goes into a silence,e.g., sleep, mode in step 2622 and conserves battery power.

Returning to step 2610, operation proceeds from step 2610 to step 2612.In step 2612, the communications device determines if a beacon has beendetected. If a beacon has been detected, operation proceeds from step2612 to step 2614. However, if a beacon was not detected, operationproceeds from step 2612 via connecting node A 2613 to step 2606. In step2614, the communications device adjusts communications devicetransmission time based on a detected portion of a received signal.Adjustment information 2615, obtained from step 2614 is used inmaintaining time information for the communications device in step 2604.In some embodiments, the timing adjustments adjusts the beacon signaltransmission time period to occur during a time period known to by usedby the device which transmitted the received beacon signal portion toreceive beacon signals. Operation proceeds from step 2614 to step 2616,where the communications device transmits a signal in accordance withthe adjusted communications device transmission timing, e.g., a beaconsignal. Then, in step 2618, the communications device establishes acommunications session with the device from which the detected portionof a beacon signal was received. Operation proceeds from any of steps2618, 2620, or 2622 via connecting node A 2613 to step 2606.

In some embodiments, step 2604 includes at least one of sub-step 2608and 2609. In sub-step 2608, the communications device pseudo randomlyadjusts the start of at least one of a beacon transmission time periodand a beacon receive time period in a recurring sequence of such timeperiods. For example, in some embodiments, a communication device at aparticular time, e.g., following power on or entering a new region, maynot be synchronized with respect to any other communication device, andmay perform sub-step 2608 one or more times, in order to increase theprobability of detecting a beacon signal from another communicationsdevice while having a limited beacon detection time interval in arecurring time structure. Thus sub-step 2608 can effectively shiftrelative timing between two peers. In sub-step 2609, the communicationsdevice sets beacon receive and transmission time periods to occur on aperiodic basis.

In various embodiments, the beacon receive time period is longer thanthe beacon transmission time period. In some embodiments, the beaconreceive and transmission time periods are non-overlapping, and thebeacon receive time period is at least two times the beacon transmissiontime period. In some embodiments, the silence time period occurs betweenbeacon receive and beacon transmission time periods. In variousembodiments, the silence period is at least twice one of the beacontransmission time periods and beacon receive time periods.

FIG. 27 is a drawing of an exemplary communications device which isportable wireless terminal 2700, e.g., mobile node, in accordance withvarious embodiments. Exemplary portable wireless terminal 2700 may beany of the wireless terminals of FIG. 1. Exemplary wireless terminal2700 is, e.g., a communication device which is part of a time divisionduplex (TDD) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) wirelesscommunications system supporting peer-peer direct communications betweenmobile nodes. Exemplary wireless terminal 2700 can both transmit andreceive beacon signals. Exemplary wireless terminal 2700 performs timingadjustments based on detected beacon signals, e.g., from a peer wirelessterminal transmitting beacon signals and/or from a fixed beacontransmitter, to establish timing synchronization.

Exemplary wireless terminal 2700 includes a receiver module 2702, atransmission module 2704, a duplex module 2703, a processor 2706, userI/O devices 2708, a power supply module 2710 and memory 2712 coupledtogether via a bus 2714 over which the various elements may interchangedata and information.

Receiver module 2702, e.g., an OFDM receiver, receives signals fromother wireless terminals and/or fixed location beacon transmitters,e.g., beacon signals and/or user data signals.

Transmission module 2704, e.g., an OFDM transmitter, transmits signalsto other wireless terminals, said transmitted signals including beaconsignals and user data signals. A beacon signal includes a sequence ofbeacon signal bursts, each beacon signal burst including one or morebeacon symbols, and each beacon symbol occupies a beacon symboltransmission unit. One or more beacon symbols are transmitted bytransmission module 2704 for each transmitted beacon signal burst.Transmission module 2704 transmits during a beacon transmission timeperiod at least a portion of a beacon signal, e.g., a beacon burstsignal, said transmitted portion including at least one beacon symbol,e.g., a relatively high power tone with respect to the power level ofuser data symbols.

In various embodiments, the transmission module 2704 is an OFDMtransmitter which transmits beacon signals and the beacon signal iscommunicated using a resource which is a combination of frequency andtime. In various other embodiments, the transmission module 2704 is aCDMA transmitter which transmits beacon signals and the beacon signal iscommunicated using a resource which is a combination of code and time.

Duplex module 2703 is controlled to switch the antenna 2705 between thereceiver module 2702 and transmission module 2704, as part of a timedivision duplex (TDD) implementation. The duplex module 2703 is coupledto antenna 2705 via which the wireless terminal 2700 receives signals2778 and transmits signals 2780. Duplex module 2703 is coupled toreceiver module 2702 via link 2701 over which received signals 2782 areconveyed. Signal 2782 is, in some embodiments, a filtered representationof signal 2778. In some embodiments, signal 2782 is the same as signal2778, e.g., where duplex module 2703 functions as a pass through devicewithout filtering. Duplex module 2703 is coupled to transmission module2704 via link 2707 over which transmit signals 2784 are conveyed. Signal2780 is, in some embodiments, a filtered representation of signal 2784.In some embodiments, signal 2780 is the same as signal 2784, e.g., whereduplex module 2703 functions as a pass through device without filtering.

User I/O devices 2708 include, e.g., microphone, keyboard, keypad,switches, camera, speaker, display, etc. User devices 2708, allow a userto input data/information, access output data/information, and controlat least some operations of the wireless terminal, e.g., initiate apower up sequence, attempt to establish a communications session,terminate a communications session.

The power supply module 2710 includes a battery 2711 utilized as asource of portable wireless terminal power. The output of the powersupply module 2710 is coupled to the various components (2702, 2703,2704, 2706, 2708, and 2712 via power bus 2709 to provide power. Thus,transmission module 2704 transmits beacon signals using battery power.

Memory 2712 includes routines 2716 and data/information 2718. Theprocessor 2706, e.g., a CPU, executes the routines 2716 and uses thedata/information 2718 in memory 2712 to control the operation of thewireless terminal 2700 and implement methods. Routines 2716 includebeacon signal detection module 2720, a silence state control module2722, a transmission time adjustment module 2724, a transmission controlmodule 2726, a communication session initiation module 2728, a beacondetection control module 2730, a timing adjustment module 2732, a modecontrol module 2734, a beacon signal generation module 2736, a user datasignal generation module 2738, a user data recovery module 2740, and aduplex control module 2742.

Beacon signal detection module 2720 performs a beacon signal detectionoperation during a beacon receive time period to detect the receipt ofat least a portion of a beacon signal. In addition, the beacon signaldetection module 2720 sets the detected beacon flag 2750 indicating thereceipt of a beacon signal portion in response to a detected beaconsignal portion. Detected beacon signal portion 2754 is an output ofbeacon signal detection module 2720. In addition, the beacon signaldetection module 2720 sets the detected beacon flag 2750 indicating thereceipt of a beacon signal portion in response to a detected beaconsignal portion. In some embodiments, the beacon signal detection module2720 performs detections as a function of energy level comparisons. Insome embodiments, the beacon signal detection module 2720 performsdetections as a function of detected beacon symbol pattern information,e.g., in a monitored air link resource corresponding to a beacon burst.The beacon signal detection module 2720, in some embodiments, recoversinformation from the detected beacon signal portion, e.g., informationidentifying the source, e.g., wireless terminal, which transmitted thebeacon signal. For example, different wireless terminals may, andsometimes do have different beacon burst patterns and/or signatures.

Silence state control module 2722 controls wireless terminal operationduring a silence period, occurring, e.g., between beacon receive andbeacon transmission time periods, to neither transmit nor operate todetect beacon signals.

Transmission time adjustment module 2724 adjusts the communicationsdevice's transmission time based on a detected portion of a receivedbeacon signal. For example, consider that the communications system is,e.g., an ad hoc network, and the received beacon signal portion is fromanother wireless terminal. As another example, consider the systemincludes fixed location beacon transmitters serving as references, andthat the detected beacon signal portion is sourced from such atransmitter; the transmission time adjustment module 2724 adjusts thewireless terminal's transmission time to synchronize with respect to thereference. Alternatively, consider the system does not include fixedlocation beacon transmitters, or that the wireless terminal can notcurrently detect such a beacon signal, and that the detected beaconsignal portion is from another wireless terminal, then the transmissiontime adjustment module 2724 adjusts the wireless terminal's transmissiontime to synchronize with respect to the peer wireless terminal which hadtransmitted the beacon signal. In some embodiments, including both fixedlocation beacons and wireless terminal beacons, the fixed locationsbeacons are used, when available, to achieve a coarse level of systemsynchronization, and the wireless terminal beacons are used to achieve ahigher degree of synchronization between peers. Detected timing offsetbased on detected beacon signal portion 2756 is an output oftransmission time adjustment module 2724.

In various embodiments, the transmission time adjustment module 2724adjusts the beacon signal transmission time period to occur during atime period known to be used by the device, e.g., other wirelessterminal, which transmitted the received portion to receive beaconsignals. Thus the transmission time adjustment module 2724 sets WT2700's beacon to be transmitted such that it is expected to hit the timewindow in which the peer is attempting to detect beacons.

Transmission control module 2726 controls the transmission module 2704to transmit a signal, e.g., a beacon signal, in accordance with theadjusted communications device transmission timing. When storedcommunication session state information 2758 indicates that anestablished session is ongoing, via session active flag 2760 being set,the transmission control module 2726 controls the transmission module2704 to repeat beacon signal portion transmission operations. In someembodiments, the transmission control module 2726 controls the wirelessterminal to repeat beacon signal portion transmission operation in boththe inactive and active modes of wireless terminal operation.

Communication session initiation module 2728 is used to controloperations to establish a communications session with another wirelessterminal, from which a beacon signal was received. For example,following a beacon signal detection, wherein the beacon signal issourced from another wireless terminal, if wireless terminal 2700desires to establish a communications session with said another wirelessterminal, module 2728 is activated to start to initiate thecommunication session, e.g., generating and processing handshakingsignals in accordance with a predetermined protocol.

Beacon detection control module 2730 controls the beacon signaldetection module 2720 operation. For example, when stored communicationsession state information 2758 indicates that an established session isongoing, via session active flag 2760 being set, the beacon detectioncontrol module 2730 controls the beacon signal detection module 2720 torepeat detection operations. In some embodiments, the beacon detectioncontrol module 2730 controls the wireless terminal to repeat beacondetection operations in both the inactive and active modes of wirelessterminal operation.

Timing adjustment module 2732 pseudo randomly adjusts the start of atleast one of a beacon transmission time period and a beacon receive timeperiod in a recurring sequence of such time periods. Pseudo random basedtiming offset 2752 is an output of timing adjustment module 2732. Timingadjustment module 2732 is, in some embodiments, used to shift thewireless terminal's timing structure with respect to other wirelessterminals, operating independently, such as to increase the likelihoodof the wireless terminal and a peer being able to detect one another'spresence while limiting beacon transmit and/or beacon detection timeintervals.

Mode control module 2734 controls the communications device to operateduring different times, in a first and second mode of operation, inwhich the communications device transmits beacon signals. For example,the first mode of operation is an inactive mode in which thecommunications device transmits beacon signals, detects for beaconsignals, but is restricted from transmitting user data; the second modeof operation is an active mode in which the communications devicetransmits beacon signals, detects for beacon signals, and is permittedto transmit user data. Another mode of operation, in some embodiments,into which mode control module 2734 can control the communicationsdevice to operate is a search mode in which the wireless terminalsearches for beacon signals but is not permitted to transmit.

Beacon signal generation module 2736 generates beacon signal portions2748, e.g., beacon bursts including a least one beacon symbol, which aretransmitted by transmission module 2704. User data signal generationmodule 2738, generates user data signals 2774, e.g., signals conveyingcoded blocks of user data such as voice data, other audio data, imagedata, text data, file data, etc. User data signal generation module 2738is active when the wireless terminal is in active mode and the generateduser data signals 2774 are transmitted via transmission module 2704during time intervals reserved for user data transmit/receive signals.User data recovery module 2740 recovers user data from received userdata signals 2776 received from a peer in a communication session withwireless terminal 2700. The received user data signals 2776 are receivedvia receiver module 2702, while the wireless terminal is in an activemode of operation during time intervals reserved for user datatransmit/receive signals.

Duplex control module 2742 controls operation of duplex module 2703,e.g., controlling antenna 2705 to be coupled to receiver module 2702 forreceive time intervals, e.g., beacon monitoring time intervals andintervals for receiving user data, and to be coupled to transmissionmodule 2704 for transmission time intervals, e.g., beacon transmissiontime intervals and intervals for transmitting user data. Duplex controlmodule 2742 also controls at least some circuits in at least one ofreceiver module 2702 and transmission module 2704 to be powered downduring certain time intervals, thereby conserving battery power.

Data/information 2718 includes current mode information 2744, currenttime information 2746, generated beacon signal portion 2748, detectedbeacon flag 2750, pseudo random based timing offset 2752, detectedbeacon signal portion 2754, determined timing offset based on detectedbeacon signal portion 2756, communication session state information2758, timing structure information 2764, mode information 2768,generated user data signal 2774, and received user data signal 2776.

Current mode information 2744 includes information identifying thewireless terminal's current mode of operation, sub-modes and/or state ofoperation, e.g., whether the wireless terminal is in a mode where itreceives but does not transmit, whether the wireless terminal is aninactive mode including beacon signal transmission but not allowing userdata transmissions, or whether the wireless terminal is in an activemode including beacon signal transmissions and permitting user datatransmissions.

Current time information 2746 includes information identifying thewireless terminal time with respect to its position within a recurringtiming structure being maintained by the wireless terminal, e.g., anindexed OFDM symbol transmission time period within the structure.Current time information 2746 also includes information identifying thewireless terminal's time with respect to another timing structure, e.g.,of another wireless terminal or of a fixed location beacon transmitter.

Communication session state information 2758 includes a session activeflag 2760 and peer node identification information 2762. Session activeflag 2760 indicates whether or not the session is still active. Forexample, a peer node in a communication session with WT 2700 powersdown, the wireless terminal 2700 ceases to detect the peer's beaconsignal, and session active flag is cleared. Peer node identificationinformation 2762 includes information identifying the peer. In variousembodiments, the peer node ID information is conveyed, at least in part,via beacon signals.

Timing structure information 2764 includes information definingduration, ordering and spacing of various intervals such as, e.g.,beacon transmission intervals, beacon detection intervals, user datasignaling intervals and silence intervals. Timing structure information2764 includes intervals' timing relationship information 2766.Intervals' timing relationship information 2766 includes, e.g.,information defining: (i) that a beacon receive time period is longerthan a beacon transmission time period; (ii) that beacon receive andbeacon transmission time periods are non-overlapping; (iii) that thebeacon receive time period is at least two times the beacon transmittime period in duration; (iv) the silence period is at least twice oneof the beacon transmission time period and the beacon receive timeperiod.

Mode information 2768 includes initial search mode information 2769,inactive mode information 2770 and active mode information 2772. Initialsearch mode information 2769 includes information defining an initialextended duration search mode for beacon signals. In some embodiments,the duration of the initial search exceeds the expected interval betweensuccessive beacon burst transmissions by other wireless terminals whichare transmitting sequences of beacon burst signals. In some embodiments,the initial search mode information 2769 is used for performing aninitial search upon power up. In addition, in some embodiments thewireless terminal enters the initial search mode from the inactive modeoccasionally, e.g., if no other beacon signals have been detected whilein the inactive mode and/or if the wireless terminal wants to perform afaster and/or more thorough beacon search than is achieved using theinactive mode. Inactive mode information 2770 defines an inactive modeof wireless terminal operation including a beacon signal interval, abeacon monitoring interval and a silence interval. Inactive mode is apower saving mode where the wireless terminal conserves energy in thesilence mode, yet is able to indicate its presence by the beacon signaland is able to maintain situational awareness of the presence of otherwireless terminals by a limited duration beacon monitoring interval.Active mode information 2772 defines an active mode of wireless terminaloperation including a beacon signal transmission interval, a beaconmonitoring interval, a user data TX/RX interval, and a silence interval.

FIG. 28 is a drawing 2800 illustrating an exemplary time line, sequenceof events, and operations with respect to two wireless terminals in anad hoc network which become aware of the presence of each other andachieve timing synchronization via the use of wireless terminal beaconsignals. Horizontal axis 2801 represents a time line. At time 2802,wireless terminal 1 powers on and starts an initial monitoring forbeacon signals, as indicated by block 2804. The monitoring continuesuntil time 2806, at which point wireless terminal completes its initialsearch, with the result that no other wireless terminals were found;then, wireless terminal 1 enters an inactive mode of operation includingrepetitions of beacon transmission intervals in which wireless terminal1 transmits a beacon signal burst, beacon monitoring intervals in whichthe wireless terminal monitors for beacon signals, and silence intervalsin which the wireless terminal neither transmits nor receives, thusconserving power, as illustrated by block 2808.

Then, at time 2810, wireless terminal 2 powers on and starts initialbeacon monitoring as indicated by block 2812. Then, at time 2814,wireless terminal 2 detects a beacon signal from wireless terminal 1,decides that it seeks to establish a communication session with wirelessterminal 1, and determines a time offset such that wireless terminalwill receive a beacon signal burst from wireless terminal 2 during awireless terminal 1 beacon monitoring interval, as indicated by block2815.

At time 2816, wireless terminal 2 has entered active mode which includesrepetitions of: beacon transmission intervals, beacon monitoringintervals, and user data intervals, and at time 2816 wireless terminal 2transmits a beacon signal in accordance with the determined time offsetof step 2815, as indicated by block 2818. Then wireless terminal 1detects the beacon signal from wireless terminal 2 and switches toactive mode as indicated by block 2820.

Between time interval 2816 and 2824 wireless terminal 1 and wirelessterminal 2 exchange signals to establish a communications session andthen participate in the session exchanging user data, as indicated byblock 2822. In addition, during this time interval beacon signalsreceived during the session are used to update timing and maintainsynchronization. Wireless terminal 1 and wireless terminal 2 may be, andsometimes are, mobile nodes which can be moving during thecommunications sessions.

At time 2824, wireless terminal 1 powers down, as indicated by block2826. Then, at time 2828, wireless terminal 2 determines that signal hasbeen lost from wireless terminal 1 and the wireless terminal transitionsto an inactive mode, as indicated by block 2830. Signal can also be, andsometime is, lost due to other conditions, e.g., wireless terminals 1and 2 moved far enough away from each other such that the channelconditions were insufficient to maintain the session.

Sequence of arrows 2832 illustrates wireless terminal 1 beacon signalbursts, while sequence of arrows 2834 illustrates wireless terminal 2beacon signal bursts. It should be observed that the timing between thetwo wireless terminals has been synchronized, as a function of areceived beacon signal from wireless terminal 1, such that wirelessterminal 1 is able to detect a beacon signal burst from wirelessterminal 2, during its beacon signal monitoring interval.

In this example, a wireless terminal, which has powered up, performsmonitoring during an initial beacon monitoring period until a beacon isdetected or until the initial beacon monitoring period expires,whichever comes first. The initial beacon monitoring period is, e.g., anextended duration monitoring period having a duration which exceeds oneiteration including a beacon transmission interval. In this example, theinitial beacon monitoring period is performed prior to entering a modein which beacon signals are transmitted. In some embodiments, a wirelessterminal in an inactive mode, said inactive mode including beacontransmission intervals, beacon monitoring intervals and silenceintervals, occasionally enters a long duration beacon monitoringinterval, e.g., to cover a corner case condition in which two wirelessterminals should happen to start up simultaneously.

In some other embodiments, a wireless terminal enters an inactive mode,said inactive mode including beacon transmission intervals and limitedduration beacon monitoring intervals following power on without firsthaving an extended beacon monitoring interval. In some such embodiments,a wireless terminal may, and sometimes does, perform pseudo-random timeshifts while searching for other beacon signals to facilitate alignmentbetween its own beacon monitoring intervals and other wireless terminalbeacon transmission intervals.

Drawing 2900 of FIG. 29 illustrates exemplary synchronized timingbetween two wireless terminals based on beacon signals in accordancewith an exemplary embodiment. Drawing 2902 illustrates timing structureinformation with respect to wireless terminal 1, while drawing 2904includes timing structure information with respect to wireless terminal2. Drawing 2900 may correspond to FIG. 28 after the wireless terminalshave been timing synchronized, e.g., based on wireless terminal 2detecting a beacon signal from wireless terminal 1. Drawing 2902includes a wireless terminal 1 beacon transmission interval 2906, awireless terminal 1 beacon receive time interval 2908, a wirelessterminal 1 user data TX/RX interval 2910 and a WT 1 silence interval2912. Drawing 2904 includes a wireless terminal 2 beacon transmissioninterval 2914, a wireless terminal 2 beacon receive time interval 2916,a wireless terminal 2 user data TX/RX interval 2918 and a WT 2 silenceinterval 2920. It should be observed that wireless terminal 2 hasadjusted its timing such that when it transmits a beacon signal burstduring WT 2 beacon transmit interval 2914, WT 1 will receive the beaconsignal burst during its beacon receive interval 2908. It should also beobserved that there is an overlapping portion of the user data TX/RXregions 2922 which can be used for user data signaling. This approachmaintains the same basic timing structure for different wirelessterminals, and uses a determined timing shift of one of the wirelessterminal's timing to achieve synchronization.

Drawing 3000 of FIG. 30 illustrates exemplary synchronized timingbetween two wireless terminals based on beacon signals in accordancewith another exemplary embodiment. Drawing 3002 includes timingstructure information with respect to wireless terminal 1, while drawing3004 includes timing structure information with respect to wirelessterminal 2. Drawing 3000 may correspond to FIG. 28 after the wirelessterminals have been timing synchronized, e.g., based on wirelessterminal 2 detecting a beacon signal from wireless terminal 1. Drawing3002 includes a wireless terminal 1 beacon receive interval 3006, awireless terminal 1 beacon transmission interval 3008, a wirelessterminal 1 beacon receive time interval 3010, a wireless terminal 1 userdata TX/RX interval 3012 and a WT 1 silence interval 3014. Drawing 3004includes, a wireless terminal 2 beacon receive interval 3016, a wirelessterminal 2 beacon transmission interval 3018, a wireless terminal 2beacon receive time interval 3020, a wireless terminal 2 user data TX/RXinterval 3022 and a WT 2 silence interval 3024. It should be observedthat wireless terminal 2 has adjusted its timing such that when ittransmits a beacon signal burst during WT 2 beacon transmit interval3018, WT 1 will receive the beacon signal burst during its beaconreceive interval 3010. It can also be observed that, in this embodiment,following wireless terminal 2's timing adjustment, wireless terminal 2receives a beacon burst transmitted by wireless terminal 1 duringwireless terminal 1 beacon transmission interval 3008 during its beaconreceive interval 3016. It should also be observed that there is anoverlapping portion of the user data TX/RX regions 3026 which can beused for user data signaling. This approach maintains the same basictiming structure for different wireless terminals, and uses a determinedtiming shift of one of the wireless terminal's timing to achievesynchronization, and both wireless terminals are able to receive beaconsignal bursts from each other, on an ongoing basis followingsynchronization.

Drawing 3100 of FIG. 31 illustrates exemplary synchronized timingbetween two wireless terminals based on beacon signals in accordancewith another exemplary embodiment. Drawing 3102 includes timingstructure information with respect to wireless terminal 1, while drawing3104 includes timing structure information with respect to wirelessterminal 2. Drawing 3100 may correspond to FIG. 28 after the wirelessterminals have been timing synchronized, e.g., based on wirelessterminal 2 detecting a beacon signal from wireless terminal 1. Drawing3102 includes a wireless terminal 1 beacon transmission interval 3106, awireless terminal 1 beacon receive time interval 3108, a wirelessterminal 1 user data TX/RX interval 3110 and a WT 1 silence interval3112. Drawing 3104 includes a wireless terminal 2 beacon transmissioninterval 3114, a wireless terminal 2 beacon receive time interval 3116,a wireless terminal 2 user data TX/RX interval 3118 and a WT 2 silenceinterval 3120. It should be observed that wireless terminal 2 hasadjusted its timing such that when it transmits a beacon signal burstduring WT 2 beacon transmit interval 3116, WT 1 will receive the beaconsignal burst during its beacon receive interval 3108. It can also beobserved that, in this embodiment, following wireless terminal 2'stiming adjustment, wireless terminal 2 receives a beacon bursttransmitted by wireless terminal 1 during wireless terminal 1 beacontransmission interval 3106 during its beacon receive interval 3114. Itshould also be observed that user data TX/RX intervals 3110, 3118overlap. This approach uses a different timing structure for the twowireless terminals, e.g., the wireless terminal which performed thefirst detection of the other beacon and adjusts its internal timing,e.g., WT 2, uses the interval ordering of drawing 3104. In some suchcases, upon wireless terminal 2 ending the communications session andentering an inactive state including beacon signal transmission wirelessterminal 2 goes to the ordered timing sequence represented by FIG. 3102.

FIG. 32 illustrates an exemplary ad hoc network formed in communicationsregion 3200 between first, second and third wireless terminals 3201,3202 and 3203 respectively. Each of the wireless terminals 3201, 3202,3203 support a first communications protocol, e.g., a low bit rateprotocol which the devices can use to broadcast device capabilityinformation. In some embodiments the first communications protocol is abeacon signal protocol. In one such embodiment, the wireless terminals3201, 3202, 3203 transmit signals 3220 shown using various forms ofdashed lines to communicate device capability information. In someimplementations, the first protocol does not use signal phase tocommunicate information. This allows receives using the first protocolto be relatively simple to implement, and thus low cost, because theycan be implemented using energy detection techniques in combination withfrequency and/or time detection which can be used to recover thecommunicated information. Thus, because of the simple nature of modulesneeded to recover information communicated using the first protocol,hardware and/or software support for the first communications protocolmay be incorporated into many types of communications devices at littleor no additional cost compared to a device which does not includesupport for the first communications protocol. In addition, deviceswhich include transmitters can be implemented in a manner that supportsthe first communications protocol at very little or no additional cost.Accordingly, is relatively inexpensive to include support for the firstcommunications protocol, e.g., a beacon signal based protocol, innumerous devices with differing capabilities, e.g., CDMA, OFDM, GSM andother types of devices.

While shown reaching all the devices in region 3200, the signals may notreach all the devices in the region but are useful to neighboringdevices in determining what protocol, protocols and/or deviceconfiguration should be used for communication purposes.

In the exemplary system of FIG. 32, the devices each support the firstcommunications protocol but also support at least one additionalprotocol. Given the low bit rate nature of the first protocol, it isexpected that in various embodiments it will not be used to exchangeuser data, e.g., text, image data and/or audio data. Accordingly, in thesystem shown in FIG. 32 each wireless terminal supports at least oneadditional protocol, e.g., a higher bit rate protocol suitable forexchanging user data, in addition to the first protocol. In someembodiments, the first wireless terminal 3201 supports a CDMA protocolin addition to the first protocol. In one such embodiment the secondwireless terminal supports the first protocol and a second, e.g., GSM orOFDM protocol. In the same embodiment, the third wireless terminalsupports multiple physical layer protocols in addition to the firstcommunications protocol, e.g., CDMA and OFDM. As will be discussedbelow, in some embodiments the wireless terminal which supports multiplecommunications protocols may establish communications links with thefirst and second devices and then operate as a communicationsintermediary. While the third communications node acts as acommunications intermediary, the first and second communications nodesmay exchange user data via a higher level communications protocol, e.g.,a fourth protocol such as, e.g., a network layer protocol which issupported by each of the first, second and third devices. Thus, forexample, the first wireless terminal may communicate with the thirdwireless terminal 3203 using CDMA signals 3200 used to communicate IPpackets with the IP packets being relayed via the third wirelessterminal 3203 via OFDM signals 3212. In this manner, devices which donot support the same physical layer or other lower layer protocolsrequired to exchange user data, may interoperate via the help of anagreeable intermediary with multi-protocol support with the need for aninfrastructure base station to be involved. While the ad hoc networkshown in FIG. 32 may be implemented using a plurality of mobile wirelessterminals, e.g., portable handheld communications devices, the systemcould also be implemented using a base station in place of one of themobile wireless communications terminals 3201, 3203, 3202.

As will be discussed below, in addition to using device capabilityinformation obtained from, e.g., beacon signals, to determine anappropriate protocol, protocol stack or device configuration, in someembodiments one or more wireless terminals 3210, 3203, 3202 is capableof selecting between a cooperative and non-cooperative mode ofoperation. The selection between cooperative and non-cooperative modesof operation is made, in some embodiments, based on signals receivedfrom another device, e.g., a device with which the wireless terminalmaking the decision is not having a communications session with. Variousfeatures relating to the switching between cooperative andnon-cooperative modes of operation will be discussed with regard tovarious figures which follow.

FIG. 33 illustrates the steps of an exemplary method 5000 of operating afirst communications device in accordance with the invention. The firstcommunications device may be one of the wireless terminals of the ad hocnetwork shown in FIG. 32.

The method 5000 starts in step 5002 and proceeds to step 5004 in whichthe first communications device monitors for broadcast signals fromother devices, e.g., beacon signals, which are transmitted in accordancewith a first communications protocol. Operation proceeds from step 5004to step 5006. In step 5006 the first communications device receives atleast some device capability information over the air from a secondcommunications device. The device capability information may be receivedin the form of a beacon signal. From step 5006 operation proceeds tostep 5008 which is a step of establishing a communication session withthe second device from which the device information was received. Thedevice capability information may include a plurality of communicationsprotocols supported by the second communications device. In some casesthe device capability information indicates a plurality of differentversions of at lest one communications protocol supported by the secondcommunications device.

Within step 5008 various other steps are performed as part of thecommunications establishment procedure. In step 5010, the firstcommunications device selects a second communications protocol to beused, e.g., for communications with the second communications device.Alternatively, as will be discussed below in regard to other figures, aselection may be made taking into consideration the effectcommunications by the second device may have on the first device inwhich case the selection steps may be performed not for purposes ofcommunicating with the second device but for facilitating communicationin the presence of signals from the second device which may beinterference to the first device. In some but not necessarily allembodiments the second communications protocol uses signal phase incommunicating data, e.g., user data, while the first protocol does notuse signal phase to communicate information.

In some embodiments the second communications protocol is one of a GSM,CDMA and OFDM protocol. In various embodiments the first protocol is abeacon signal based protocol. In some but not necessarily allimplementations, the first protocol is a low bit rate protocol, e.g., aprotocol which supports a maximum bit rate less than 1/100^(th) themaximum bit rate supported by the second communications protocol. Thefirst protocol in some embodiments is a beacon based signal protocolthat supports a maximum bit rate less than 300 bits/second and in someimplementations a maximum bit rate less than 100 bits/second. In some ofthese implementations, the second communications protocol supports atransmission bit rate of more than 1000 bits per second.

The method may involve receiving user data symbols transmitted by thesecond communications device in accordance with the secondcommunications protocol. In some such embodiments, receiving at leastsome device capability information communicated in accordance with thefirst communications protocol includes receiving beacon symbolstransmitted by said second communications device at an average perbeacon symbol transmission power level that is at least 100 times theaverage per symbol power level at which user data symbols aretransmitted by the second device, e.g., during a communications sessionbetween the first and second devices. Thus, in some embodiments, userbeacon symbols may be received from the second communications device atan average per beacon symbol power level that is on average at least 100times the average power level of symbols received from the secondcommunications device which communicate user data.

In some embodiments the first communications protocol permits beaconsymbols to be transmitted on less than 1/100^(th) the tones availablefor beacon symbol transmission during a given symbol transmission timeperiod. In the same or other embodiments, the first communicationsprotocol permits beacon symbols to be transmitted during less than1/100^(th) the transmission time periods in which user data may betransmitted.

In one embodiment of step 5010, shown as step 5012, the firstcommunications device selects the highest bit rate protocol supported bythe first communications device which the received device capabilityinformation indicates is also supported by the second device.

In addition to selecting a second communications protocol, or as analternative in protocol selection of step 5010, the first communicationsdevice selects a device configuration which supports the secondcommunications protocol. This may involve selecting in step 5016 aprotocol stack to be used, the protocol stack supporting at least onelower level communications protocol which is used in combination withthe second communications protocol.

Following the selections made in steps 5010 and/or 5014 the device isconfigured to operate using the selected configuration. This may involvea software and/or hardware operation which causes the device to use theselected protocol stack.

While the first device may simply use the selected protocol stack andproceed with establishing a higher layer, e.g., IP, communicationssession with the second communications device, in some embodiments anegotiation of the protocol and/or device configuration to use may occurusing the first communications protocol. However, such a negation isoptional. Accordingly, steps 5020, 5022 and 5024 are shown in dashedlines since they are not performed in many embodiments.

In step 5020, when used, the first communications device responds toreceived device capability information by transmitting a signal, e.g., abeacon signal including a beacon signal burst, to communicate a proposeddevice configuration to the second communications device. This proposedconfiguration may communicate the second communications protocol whichwas selected, a first device configuration which was selected and/or asuggested device configuration which may correspond to a particularprotocol stack that the first device suggest the second device use.

Operation proceeds to step 5022 which is used in some embodiments. Instep 5022 the first wireless communications device monitors for aresponse to the proposed device configuration information. In some butnot necessarily all embodiments this involves monitoring for beaconsymbols transmitted by the second communications device. In the casewhere a response suggesting a first device configuration which isdifferent from the selected configuration is received in response to thetransmitted proposed device configuration information, the first devicechanges its configuration from the selected configuration to anotherconfiguration. This configuration may be one suggested by the secondcommunications device or another configuration selected by the firstwireless communications device, e.g., in response to additionalinformation from the second communications device or an indication thatthe proposed configuration was unacceptable.

Operation proceeds from step 5024 to step 5026 when the step isperformed. In other embodiments, operation may proceed directly fromstep 5018 to step 5026. In step 5026 the first communications devicereceives user data from the second communications device and/or transitsuser data to the second communications device, e.g., ad part of anestablished communications session. In parallel with the receivingand/or transmitting of user data performed in step 5026, the firstcommunications device transmits signals in accordance with the firstcommunications protocol to communicates at least some firstcommunications device capability information. The transmitted signalsmay include beacon signal bursts used to communicate device capabilityinformation. In this manner, the first device continues to broadcast itsdevice capability information even while participating in an establishedcommunications session.

Operation eventually stops in step 5030, for example when the firstwireless terminal is powered down. It should be appreciated that thetransmission of device capability information in accordance with thefirst communications protocol may continue to occur, e.g., according toa predetermined transmission schedule, regardless of whether acommunications session is ongoing or has been terminated.

FIG. 34 illustrates a wireless terminal which can be used in the ad hocnetwork shown in FIG. 32 and which can implement the method shown inFIG. 33.

FIG. 34 is a drawing of an exemplary wireless terminal 3400, e.g.,mobile node, in accordance with various embodiments. Exemplary wirelessterminal 3400 includes a receiver module 3402, a transmitter module3404, a processor 3406, user I/O devices 3408, and memory 3410 coupledtogether via a bus 3412 over which the various elements may interchangedata and information. Memory 3410 includes routines 3414 anddata/information 3416. The processor 3406, e.g., a CPU, executes theroutines 3414 and uses the data/information 3416 in memory 3410 tocontrol the operation of the wireless terminal 3400 and implementmethods.

Receiver module 3402, e.g., a receiver, is coupled to receive antenna3403 via which the wireless terminal receives signals from otherwireless communications devices. Receiver module 3402 receives a leastsome device capability information over the air from a secondcommunications device using a first communications protocol which usesat least one of signal frequency and time to communicate information butdoes not use signal phase. In some embodiments, the first protocol is abeacon signal base communications protocol.

Transmitter module 3404, e.g., a transmitter, is coupled to transmitantenna 3405 via which the wireless terminal transmits signals to othercommunications devices. Transmitted signals include beacon signals,e.g., generated beacon signal 3454, used to communicate devicecapability information, e.g., device capability information to betransmitted 3452.

User I/O devices 3408 include, e.g., microphone, keyboard, keypad,switches, camera, display, speaker, etc. User I/O devices 3408 allow auser of wireless terminal 3400 to input data/information, access outputdata information, and control at least some functions of the wirelessterminal 3400.

Routines 3414 include a second communications protocol selection module3418, a device configuration module 3420, a user data recovery module3422, a beacon symbol detection module 3424, a beacon signal informationrecovery module 3426 and a beacon signal generation module 3428.Data/information 3416 includes received device capability information3430, 1^(st) protocol information, e.g., beacon signal based protocolinfo, 3432, information identifying a selected 2^(nd) communicationsprotocol 3434, information indicating selected device configuration3436, information indicating the communications protocols supported bythe second device 3438, GSM protocol information 3440, CDMA protocolinformation 3442, and OFDM protocol information 3444. Data/information3416 also includes detected beacon symbols 3448, beacon symbol energylevel detection criteria 3450, recovered user data 3446, devicecapability information to be transmitted, generated beacon signal 3454,and beacon signal information encoding/decoding information 3456.

Second communications protocol selection module 3418 selects a secondcommunications protocol 3434 to use during communications based on thereceived device capability information 3430, said second communicationsprotocol differing from the first communications protocol by at leastone of: a modulation scheme, transmission timing, coding and supportedbit rate. In some embodiments, the second communications protocol usessignal phase in communicating user data. In some embodiments, the secondcommunication protocol is one of A GSM, CDMA and OFDM protocol. Invarious embodiments, the first communications protocol, e.g., the beaconbased protocol, is a communications protocol which supports a maximumbit rate less then 1/100^(th) the maximum bit rate supported by thesecond communications protocol. In some embodiments, the received devicecapability information 3430 includes a plurality of communicationsprotocols supported by the second device. In some embodiments, thereceived device capability information indicates a plurality ofdifferent versions of at least one communications protocol supported bythe second communication device.

Device configuration module 3420 selects a device configuration whichsupports the second communication protocol, said device configurationselection including a select of protocol stack elements including atleast one lower level communication protocol used by said communicationsdevice in combination with said second communications protocol. Selecteddevice configuration 3436 is an output of module 3420.

User data recovery module 3422 recovers user data from communicationsignals communicated using the second communications protocol. Recovereduser data 3446 is an output of module 3422.

Beacon symbol detection module 3424 detects beacon symbols in a receivedsignal, said beacon symbol detection module 3424 using received signalenergy to distinguish beacon symbols from user data symbols, said beaconsymbols being received with at least a 10 dB power differential onaverage to user data symbols received from the same device as the beaconsymbols. Beacon symbol detection module 3424 uses the beacon symbolenergy level detection criteria information 3450 and outputs informationdetected beacon symbols' information 3448.

Beacon signal information recovery module 3426 uses the data/information3416 including detected beacon symbols' information 3448 and beaconsignal information encoding/decoding information 3456 to recoverinformation communicated by at least one of time and frequency of theidentified received beacon symbols.

Beacon signal generation module 3428 generates beacon signal 3454communicating information, e.g., device capability information 3452, thegenerated beacon signal including at least one high power beacon symboland a plurality of intentional nulls. In some embodiments, at least oneof the beacon signals is an OFDM beacon signal including at lest onebeacon signal burst, said beacon signal burst including at least onebeacon symbol.

FIG. 39 illustrates a wireless terminal which can be used in the ad hocnetwork shown in FIG. 32 and which can implement the method shown inFIG. 33.

FIG. 39 is a drawing of an exemplary wireless terminal 4100, e.g.,mobile node, in accordance with various embodiments. Exemplary wirelessterminal 4100 includes a receiver module 4102, a transmitter module4104, a processor 4106, user I/O devices 4108, and memory 4110 coupledtogether via a bus 4112 over which the various elements may interchangedata and information. Memory 4110 includes routines 4114 anddata/information 4116. The processor 4106, e.g., a CPU, executes theroutines 4114 and uses the data/information 4116 in memory 4110 tocontrol the operation of the wireless terminal 4100 and implementmethods.

Receiver module 4102, e.g., a receiver, is coupled to receive antenna4103 via which the wireless terminal receives signals from otherwireless communications devices. Receiver module 4102 receives a signalincluding at least some device capability information from a secondmobile communications device using a first communications protocol, thefirst communications protocol using beacon signal bursts to communicatedevice capability information. Received second device beacon signalinformation 4118 includes information corresponding to such a receivedsignal.

Transmitter module 4104, e.g., a transmitter, is coupled to transmitantenna 4105 via which the wireless terminal transmits signals to othercommunications devices. Transmitted signals include beacon signals,e.g., generated beacon signal 3454, used to communicate devicecapability information, e.g., device capability information to betransmitted 3452. Transmitter module 4104 transmits signals to thesecond mobile communication device in accordance with a selected secondprotocol

User I/O devices 4108 include, e.g., microphone, keyboard, keypad,switches, camera, display, speaker, etc. User I/O devices 4108 allow auser of wireless terminal 4100 to input data/information, access outputdata information, and control at least some functions of the wirelessterminal 4100.

Routines 4114 include a device configuration selection module 4118, aconfiguration control module 4120, a second communication protocolprocessing module 4122, and a device capability information recoverymodule 4124. Data/information 4116 includes received second devicebeacon signal information 4118, selected device configurationinformation 4124, selected communications protocol identificationinformation 4126, received signal to be processed 4128, processedsignals 4130, beacon signaling protocol information 4132, a plurality ofsets of values and corresponding sets of device capability information(value 1 4134 and corresponding set of device capability information4136, . . . value N 4138 and corresponding set of device capabilityinformation 4140). Data/information 4116 also includes second devicecapability information 4120, e.g., a communicated value and recoveredsecond device capability information 4122. Data/information 4116 alsoincludes protocol information corresponding to alternative 2^(nd)communications protocols 4142 (type 1 OFDM protocol information 4144,type n OFDM protocol information 4146, type 1 CDMA information 4148,type N CDMA protocol information 4150, type 1 GSM protocol information4152, type N GSM protocol information 4154).

Device configuration selection module 4118 selects between a pluralityof possible device configurations, based on the received devicecapability information, a first mobile communications deviceconfiguration to be used by the wireless terminal 4100 whencommunications with the second communications device, a secondcommunications protocol being selected by the first mobilecommunications device configuration, said second communications protocolbeing different from the first communications protocol. Selected deviceconfiguration information 4124 and selected second communicationsprotocol identification information 4126 as outputs of selection module4118.

Configuration control module 4120 configures the wireless terminal tooperate in accordance with the selected device configuration identifiedby selected device configuration information 4124. Second communicationprotocol processing module 4122 processes received signals communicatedin accordance with the second communications protocol from the secondcommunications device to the wireless terminal. Second communicationprotocol processing module 4122 processes received signals 4128 inaccordance with the protocol identified by information 4126 to obtainprocessed signal 4130. The protocol identified by selected secondcommunications protocol identification information 4126 is one of theplurality of protocols included in protocol information corresponding toalternative 2^(nd) protocols 4142.

Device capability information recovery module 4124 recovers communicateddevice capability information by determining the set of devicecapability information corresponding to a value obtained from a receivedbeacon signal. The beacon signal conveys a value corresponding to a setof device capability information. From received second device beaconsignal information 4118, a communicated value indicative of seconddevice capabilities is obtained 4120. The device information recoverymodule 4124 uses the value to device capability mapping information((4134, 4136), . . . , (4138, 4140) to recover second device capabilityinformation 4122. For example is the value conveyed by the beacon signalis value N 4138, then recovered second device capability information4122 is information 4140.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first communications protocol is abeacon based protocol and stored beacon signaling protocol information4132 is used for signaling in accordance with this protocol, e.g.,including generation and recovery using this protocol. In someembodiments, the first communication protocol does not use signal phaseto communicate information. For example, a value communicated by abeacon signal is communicated by the tone of the beacon symbol and thetime at which the beacon tone is transmitted. In various embodiments,the first communications protocol supports a lower maximum data ratethan the second communications protocol.

FIG. 35, which comprises the combination of FIGS. 35A-35B, illustratesan exemplary method 6000 of operating a first communications devicewhich supports both cooperative and non-cooperative modes of operationas well as switching between the modes. The method 6000 starts in step6002 and proceeds to steps 6005 and 6003 which may occur in parallel. Instep 6004 the first communications device receives a signal from anothercommunications device, e.g., a second communications device. Operationproceeds from step 6004 to step 6006 in which a received signal isdetected. In step 6006 the first communications device determineswhether the received signal is from a communications device which is notin a communications session with the first communications device, e.g.,from a device which may cause interference to, or be subjected tointerference from, the first communications device without necessarilyparticipating in a communications session with the first device. If thedevice from which the signal is received is not in a communicationssession with the first communications device, operation proceeds to step6006 in which the first device determines from the received signal ifthe device from which the signal was received is operating in acooperative or non-cooperative mode with respect to the firstcommunications device.

Step 6008 may be implemented in a plurality of ways depending on whatinformation is obtained from the received signal. Sub-steps 6010, 6012and 6014 represent alternative ways of determining if the device isacting in a cooperative mode of operation and may be used depending onthe received information. In some embodiments only one or some of thesub-steps 6010, 6012, 6014 are supported.

When substep 6008 is used, determining 6010, the first device determinesfrom the device information in the received signal if the device whichtransmitted the signal is in a cellular mode or an ad hoc mode ofoperation. A cellular mode of operation may interpreted as indicating acooperative mode while an ad hoc mode may, and in some cases is,interpreted to indicate a non-cooperative mode of operation. However, inother embodiments ad hoc operation does not necessarily imply anon-cooperative mode of operation. In sub-step 6012, the communicationsnetwork to which the transmitting device corresponds is used todetermine if it is operating in a cooperative or non-cooperative mannerwith respect to the first communications device. If the devicetransmitting the received signal corresponds to the same communicationsnetwork as the first device, it is determined to be operating in acooperative manner. It is determined to correspond to another network,the device from which the signal was received is determined to beoperating in a non-cooperative manner when substep 6012 is used. Substep6014 is used when service provider and/or user group information is usedto determine whether a device is operating in a cooperative ornon-cooperative mode. In step 6014 the first communications devicedetermines if the device which transmitted the received signalcorresponds to the same or a different service provide or user group adthe first communications device. This may be done by comparing storedservice provider and/or user group information indicating the firstdevice's service provider and/or user group to the determined serviceprovider or user group of corresponding to the device which transmittedthe received signal. If the device which transmitted the received signalcorresponds to the same service provider or user group it is determinedto be operating in a cooperative mode. Otherwise it is determined to beoperating in a non-cooperative mode. Other ways of determining if thedevice which sent the signal include comparing the transmitting devicesservice provider or user group to a list of service providers and/oruser groups known to operate in a non-cooperative manner. Still anotherway of determining whether the device transmitting the received signalthat is used in some embodiments is to determine the type of signaland/or a protocol used to communicate the signal and then determine fromthis information if the device is using a signal or protocol indicativeof a non-cooperative mode of operation. For example, detecting signalscorresponding to a technology or communications protocol which does notsupport power control and/or interference control signaling may beconsidered detection of a non-cooperative mode of operation.

Operation proceeds from step 6008 to step 6016 wherein the mode ofoperation in which the first communication device is selected, e.g.,based on the determination made in step 6008 with regard to the mode ofoperation of the other device. Other factors may also be taken intoconsideration in step 6016 such as the strength of the received signal,the duration of received signals and/or other factors such as thecommunications protocol being used by the device from which the signalwas received, etc., which may be used in determining or estimating theamount of interference the first communications device may be subjectedto as a result of the presence of the other communications device. In atleast some, and in many embodiments in most cases, assuming that otherdevices with which the first communications device is not communicatingare not in the communications region of the first device, the firstcommunications device will select a non-cooperative mode when the devicefrom which the received signal is determined to be in a non-cooperativemode and a cooperative mode when the device from which the signal wasreceived is in a cooperative mode of operation.

With the selection between a cooperative mode and non-cooperative modeof operation having been made in step 6016, operation proceeds to step6040 via connecting node 6018. In step 6040 the first communicationsdevice selects a device configuration to be used for communicating withone or more other devices, e.g., a third device, while operating in theselected mode of operation. In some embodiments, in substep 6042, if anon-cooperative mode of operation has been selected and the firstcommunications device is in a communications session with a thirdcommunications device which supports both first and secondcommunications protocols, the second not being supported by the secondcommunications device, the first communications device will select aconfiguration which uses the communications protocol which is notsupported by the second communications device but is supported by thethird communications device with which the first device iscommunicating. In some embodiments, the first and second protocolsbetween which the device switches are WiFi and Bluetooth. As a result ofthe fact that the second device does not support the protocol which hasbeen selected, the second device will be unable to use inference controlsignaling corresponding to the selected protocol to control or affectthe communications between the first and third devices.

From step 6040 operation proceeds to step 6044 in which a determinationis made to check whether the first communications device is operating inthe selected mode of operation and using the selected deviceconfiguration and/or protocol. If the current mode of operation,configuration and protocols in use match the selections which were made,no change in device operation is required and operation proceeds to step6046 wherein the first device continues to operate in the current modeof operation. However, if the selections do not match the currentoperating state of the first communications device, operation proceedsfrom step 6044 to step 6048 wherein the mode of operation and/or deviceconfiguration is changed to match the selections made in steps 6016 and6040.

Operation proceeds from steps 6046 and 6048 to step 6050. In step 6050the first communications device operates in the selected mode ofoperation, e.g., a non-cooperative mode or a cooperative mode ofoperation. If the mode is a non-cooperative mode, in some embodiments insub step 6052, the first device operates to maximize its performancewithout regard to the impact on communications by another device, e.g.,the device from which a signal was received. This may involve operatingto maximize data throughput, e.g., by using high transmission powerlevels, and/or minimizing transmission latency, e.g., by promptlytransmitting signals without regard to the between a currenttransmission and a previous transmission. In a cooperative mode ofoperation, the first communications device, in some embodiments,implements sub step 6054 in which the first communications device isresponsive to interference control signals and/or otherwise takes intoconsideration the impact of its transmission on device with which it isnot communicating as part of a communications session.

In step 6006 if it was determined that the detected signal was receivedform a communications device involved in a communications session withthe first communications device operation proceeds to step 6021.Depending on the mode of operation, the first device while in thecommunications session may be operating in a cooperative ornon-cooperative mode of operation. In step 6021 a determination is madeas to whether the received signal is an interference control signal. Ifthe signal is not an interference control signal operation proceeds tostep 6020 wherein the received signal is processed, e.g., user data isrecovered, and a response is sent if appropriate, e.g., anacknowledgement signal may be sent and/or user data provided in responseto the received signal.

If in step 6021 it is determined that the received signal is aninterference control signal, operation proceeds to step 6022 wherein acheck is made to determine if the first device is operating in acooperative or non-cooperative mode of operation. If the first device isoperating in a non-cooperative mode of operation, operation proceeds tostep 6024 wherein the interference control signal, which may be a powertransmission control signal, is disregarded.

If however, in step 6020 it is determined that the first communications'device is operating in a cooperative mode of operation, operationproceeds from step 6022 to step 6026 in which the first communicationsdevice implements an interference control operation in response to thereceived signal. The interference control operation may be, e.g., atransmission power level control operation such as reducing the device'stransmission power level used to transmit user data. In cases wherebeacon signals are transmitted by the first device in addition to userdata, the average transmission power level of beacon symbols may be leftunchanged when the transmission power level used to transmit usersymbols is reduced.

Reference is once again made to step 6003 of FIG. 35A which may occur inparallel with the processing just described. In step 6003 the firstcommunications device monitors to detect the departure of a device fromthe communications region in which the first communications device islocated. A departure may be detected by determining that signals are nolonger being received from a device which was previously transmittingsignals, e.g., communications signals and/or beacon signals used tonotify other devices of a device's presence and/or capabilities. Whenthe departure of a device is detected, operation proceeds from step 6003via connecting node 6004 to step 6060 shown in FIG. 35C.

In step 6060 the first communications device determines if it isoperating in a mode or using a configuration which was selected due tothe presence or receipt of communication signals from the communicationsdevice which was detected as having departed the communications regioncorresponding to the first communications device. If the mode was notdue to the device which departed, operation proceeds to step 6070 andthe first communications device continues to operate in the mode ofoperation in which it was in when starting step 6060. However, if themode of operation was due to the presence of the second device orsignals from the second device operation proceeds to step 6062.

In step 6062 the first communications device selects between acooperative mode of operation and a non-cooperative mode of operatingbased on its current conditions, e.g., the presence or absence of othercommunications device in its area operating in a cooperative ornon-cooperative manner. Once the selection between cooperative andnon-cooperative modes of operation has been made, in step 6064 thedevice selects a configuration to be used for communicating with one ormore other devices, e.g., a third device, while operating in theselected mode of operation.

In step 6062, the device may, in sub step 6066 which is implemented insome embodiments, switch to a first communications protocol which wasbeing used prior to the entry of the second communications device in theregion. Thus, if the first communications device switched from a firstprotocol to a second communications protocol which was not supported bythe second communications device, e.g., in response to signals receivedfrom the second communications device, the first communications devicemay switch back to the first communications protocol when the seconddevice leaves the area. The first communications protocol may provide ahigher data rate in the absence of interference from the second devicebut provide a lower data rate than could be achieved with using a secondprotocol which is not supported by the second communications device whenthe first device is in the presence of interference from the seconddevice. The first and second protocols may be OFDM protocols such asWiFi and Blue tooth. Alternatively, they can be very different protocolssuch as a CSMA protocol and an OFDM protocol.

With the device configuration selection having been made in step 6064operation proceeds to step 6008 wherein a determination is made as towhether the first communications device is already operating in theselected mode and with the selected device configuration. If the firstcommunications device is already operating in accordance with theselected mode and configuration, operation proceeds to step 6070 whereinthe mode of operation remains unchanged. However, if the firstcommunications device is not already in the selected mode andconfiguration operation proceeds to step 6072. In step 6072 the firstcommunications device switches into the selected mode and/or deviceconfiguration.

Operation proceeds from steps 6070 and 6072 to step 6000 wherein thedevice operates in the selected mode of operation, e.g. in a cooperative6076 or non-cooperative 6078 mode of operation as previously describedwith regard to step 6050.

FIG. 36 is a drawing of an exemplary wireless terminal 3600, e.g.,mobile node, in accordance with various embodiments. Exemplary wirelessterminal 3600 includes a receiver module 3602, a transmitter module3604, a processor 3606, user I/O devices 3608, and memory 3610 coupledtogether via a bus 3612 over which the various elements may interchangedata and information. Memory 3610 includes routines 3614 anddata/information 3616. The processor 3606, e.g., a CPU, executes theroutines 3614 and uses the data/information 3616 in memory 3610 tocontrol the operation of the wireless terminal 3600 and implementmethods.

Receiver module 3602, e.g., a receiver, is coupled to receive antenna3603 via which the wireless terminal receives signals from otherwireless communications devices. Receiver module 3602 receives a signalfrom a second communications device, via an air link.

Transmitter module 3604, e.g., a transmitter, is coupled to transmitantenna 3605 via which the wireless terminal transmits signals to othercommunications devices. For example, the wireless terminal may transmitsignals to a third communications device as part of a communicationssession.

User I/O devices 3608 include, e.g., microphone, keyboard, keypad,switches, camera, display, speaker, etc. User I/O devices 3608 allow auser of wireless terminal 3600 to input data/information, access outputdata information, and control at least some functions of the wirelessterminal 3600.

Routines 3614 include a mode determination module 3618, a mode selectionmodule 3620, a communications module 3620, a data throughputmaximization module 3624, and an interference control module 3626.Data/information 3616 includes received second device signal information3634, determined relationship information with respect to second device3636, e.g., a cooperative or non-cooperative relationship, determinedmode of second device operation 3638, e.g., cellular or ad hoc,determined second device service provider information 3640 anddetermined second device user group information 3642.

Data/information 3616 also includes information indicating a selectedmode of operation, e.g., cooperative communications mode ornon-cooperative communications mode, a received interference controlsignal 3644, and third device identification information 3648.Data/information 3616 also includes WT 3600 service provider information3652, WT 3600 user group information 3654, WT 3600 non-cooperativeservice provider information 3656, and WT 3600 non-cooperative usergroup information 3658. Service provider information 3652 includesinformation identifying the service provider for WT 3600 and informationidentifying other partnership service provides which may be consideredcooperative. User group information 3654 identifies user groups which WT3600 considers to be cooperative. Non-cooperative service providerinformation 3652 includes information identifying the service providerfor WT 3600 which are considered to be in a non-cooperative relationshipwith WT 3600. User group information 3654 identifies user groups whichWT 3600 considers to have a non-cooperative relationship. In someembodiments, information 3656 and/or 3658 is not included and lack ofinclusion in service provider information 3652 and/or user groupinformation 3654 is sufficient to be classified as having anon-cooperative relationship.

Mode determination module 3618 determines from a received signal, e.g.,from received 2^(nd) device signal information 3634, whether the secondcommunications device is in a cooperative communications relationship ora non-cooperative communications relationship with the wirelessterminal. Determined relationship information with respect to 2^(nd)device 3636 identifying one of a cooperative and a non-cooperativerelationship is an output of mode determination module 3618. In someembodiments, the second communications device is considered to beoperating in a non-cooperative mode of operation when said secondcommunications device is operating to maximize its own data throughputwithout regard to the effect of the second communication device'ssignaling on the wireless terminal 3600. In some embodiments, the secondcommunications device is considered to be operating in a cooperativerelationship when its transmission output power is responsive to controlsignaling from another device.

In some embodiments, determining from the received signal whether thesecond communications device is in a cooperative relationship ornon-cooperative relationship includes determining from the receivedsecond device information if the second communications device isoperating in a cellular mode of operation in which said communicationsdevice is responsive to resource allocation signals from a base stationor is operating in an ad-hoc mode of operation. Determined mode ofsecond device operation, e.g., cellular of ad hoc, 3638 is an output ofsuch a determination by module 3618.

Mode determination module 3618 includes service provider sub-module 3630and user group sub-module 3632, which use received signal from thesecond communication device in determinations. Service providersub-module 3630 determines a service provider associated with the secondcommunication device and, uses the stored service provider information3652 and/or 3656 to determine if the second communications device isusing the same service provider or a service provider considered to bein a cooperative relationship with WT 3600's own service provider.Information 3640 is an output of sub-module 3630. User group sub-module3634, uses information 3654 determines if the second communicationsdevice is included in a user group to which WT 3600 belongs. User groupsub-module 3634 uses information 3658 to determine if the secondcommunications device is included in a user group to which WT 3600considers to be non-cooperative. Determined 2^(nd) user groupinformation 3642 is an output of user group sub-module 3632.

Mode selection module 3620 selects, based on the determination of module3618, between one of a cooperative communications mode and anon-cooperative communications mode of operation. Information indicatinga selected mode of operation 3644 is an output of mode selection module3620.

Communications module 3622 is used for communicates with a thirdcommunications device while operating in the selected mode ofcommunications. The selected mode of communications is indicated byinformation 3644. Third device identification information 3638 is storedin data/information 3616. For example, the wireless terminal 3600 has acommunications session with the third communications device while thesecond communications device is in the local area generatinginterference.

Data throughput maximization module 3624 maximizes data throughputbetween the wireless terminal and the third communications devicewithout regard to the impact on communications by the second device whenthe selected mode is a non-cooperative mode of operation. Interferencecontrol module 3626 is responsive to the selected mode of operation,said interference control module 3626 disregarding an interferencecontrol signal, e.g., received interference control signal 3644, whenthe selected mode of operation is a non-cooperative mode of operation.In some embodiments, the interference control signal is a transmissionpower control signal. In various embodiments, the interference controlmodule 3626 is responsive to interference control signals when theselected mode is a cooperative mode of operation.

A method of operating a communications device, e.g., a thirdcommunications device, to operate as a communications intermediary forfirst and second device which do not have the ability to directlyexchange user data with one another due to a difference in the protocolssupported by the first and second devices will now be described withreference to FIG. 37. The method of FIG. 37 is well suited for use in asystem such as the ad hoc network of FIG. 32 where a plurality ofdevices with differing capabilities establish an ad hoc network. Forpurposes of explaining the method of FIG. 37 it is assumed that each ofthe first, second and third devices support a first protocol which canbe used to communicate device capability information. The first protocolmay be, e.g., a low bit rate protocol which is unsuitable because of thelow bit rate or for other reasons of communicating user data such astext, image data or audio data. In some but not necessarily allembodiments, the first protocol is a beacon signal based protocol. Inaddition to supporting the first protocol, the first device supports asecond communications protocol, e.g., a second physical layer protocolsuch as GSM, CDMA or an OFDM protocol, which can be used to exchangeuser data. In addition to supporting the first protocol, the seconddevice supports a third communications protocol, e.g., a third physicallayer protocol such as GSM, CDMA or an OFDM protocol, which can be usedto exchange user data but which is different from the secondcommunications protocol. The fact that at least one of the first andsecond devices do support both the second and third protocols makescommunication of user data directly between the two devices difficult orimpossible.

In the FIG. 37 example, the third device supports both the second andthird communications protocols, which can be used to exchange user datain addition to the first communications protocols. Accordingly, thethird communications device is a multi-protocol device capable ofsupporting communications protocols which do not support directinteroperability, e.g., due to physical differences in the signals usedand/or the way information is coded in accordance with the protocolbeing used. In some embodiments the third communications device and/orthe other communications devices are handheld portable communicationsdevices. In addition to the first, second and third protocols, one ormore of the first, second and third devices may support one or morehigher level protocols, e.g., fourth protocols which may be for example,a network layer protocol. In some embodiments the first, second andthird devices support the same network layer protocol however, absentassistance from the third communications device the first and seconddevices could not interoperate due to lower level protocolincompatibilities.

Referring now to FIG. 37, it can be seen that the method 7000 ofoperating the third communications device starts in step 7002 andproceeds to step 7004. In step 7004, the third communications devicetransmits a signal in accordance with the first communications protocol,e.g., a portion of a beacon signal, used to communicate devicecapability information including an indication that the third devicesupports the second and the third communications protocol. Then, in step7006, the third communications device receives device capabilityinformation communicated using a first communications protocol from atleast one of the first wireless communications device and the secondwireless communications device. Note that the order of steps 7006 and7004 are not important and, in fact, it is not always necessary toperform both steps 7004, 7006 since it may not be necessary for bothdevices to receive capability information in order to establishcommunications.

In step 7006, the third communications device may, in step 7008 receiveat least a portion of a beacon signal indicating that said firstcommunication device is capable of supporting the second communicationsprotocol. Also, as part of step 7006, the third communications devicemay, in step 7010 receive at least a portion of a beacon signalindicating that said second communications device is capable ofsupporting the third communications protocol.

Having received device capability information in step 7006, the thirdcommunications device proceeds in step 7015 to establish acommunications link with the first device using the secondcommunications protocol. For example this may be, e.g., a CDMA link. Thethird communications device also proceeds to establish a communicationslink with the second communications device using the thirdcommunications protocol. This may be, e.g., an OFDM or GSM protocollink.

With communications links established with the first and second devicesusing the second and third protocols respectively, the thirdcommunications device is capable of operating as a communicationintermediary between the first and second devices.

In some embodiments, once the links with the first and second devicesare established the third device sends a routing update signal, e.g., asshown in optional step 7018, to one or more devices, e.g., routers inthe ad hoc network and/or the first and second devices providing atleast some connectivity information indicating to other devices in thesystem that the third communications device can now be used as anintermediary for communications between the first and secondcommunications devices, e.g., for packet forwarding and/or otherpurposes. The routing update message sent in step 7018 may be, and insome embodiments is, a network layer routing update message used tocommunicate updated network layer routing information.

Operation proceeds from step 7018 to step 7020 wherein the thirdcommunications device operates as a communications intermediary betweenthe first and second communications devices. Step 7020 may include oneor more of the following steps: relaying 7022 signals from the firstcommunications device to the second communications device and/or fromthe second communications device to the first communications device;providing network connectivity 7024, e.g., IP connectivity, therebyallowing the first and second devices to exchange network layer signalsvia the third communications device; operate as a communications gateway7026 by converting between different protocols, e.g., the second andthird protocols, while forwarding signals between the first and seconddevices; and bridging 7028 the communications links established with thefirst communications device and the communications link established withthe second communications link established with the secondcommunications device.

Following and/or during the period in which the third communicationsdevice is operating as a communication intermediary between the firstand second devices, it may also transmit device capability informationin accordance with the first protocol as shown in step 7030.

At some point operation stops in step 7032, e.g., because the thirdcommunications devices is powered down or the other devices leave thecommunications area in which the third communications device isoperating.

By using the method illustrated in FIG. 37, network layer connectivitycan be achieved using a porting communications device as acommunications intermediary between devices which do not supportphysical layer connectivity sufficient to exchange user data.Accordingly, while only a small portion of the devices in an ad hocnetwork may support multiple protocols, e.g., at the physical layercapable of supporting the exchange of user data, in accordance with theinvention those multi-protocol devices can be used to create an ad hocnetwork in which relatively inexpensive devices can communicate with oneanother.

In some embodiments, a wireless terminal which serves as acommunications intermediary keeps track of the devices to which itprovides the service. This information can then be reported to a centralaccounting device or service and the intermediary can be compensated forthe service provided, e.g., in terms of reduced service fees forservices provided to the intermediary device or as compensation chargedto the owners of the first and second devices which obtained the benefitof the service. Such a tracking and crediting approach is well suitedwhere the ad hoc network is used in licensed spectrum where theindividual user may pay the spectrum licensee for the right to operatein the spectrum even though base stations and/or other infrastructurecomponents may not be directly involved in the communications.

FIG. 38 is a drawing of an exemplary wireless terminal 4000, e.g.,mobile node, in accordance with various embodiments. In someembodiments, wireless terminal 4000 is a mobile handset. Exemplarywireless terminal 4000 supports at least a first communicationsprotocol, a second communications protocol, and a third communicationsprotocol, said first, second and third communications protocols beingdifferent. Exemplary wireless terminal 4000 includes a receiver module4002, a transmission module 4004, a processor 4006, user I/O devices4008, and memory 4010 coupled together via a bus 4012 over which thevarious elements may interchange data and information. Memory 4610includes routines 4014 and data/information 4016. The processor 4006,e.g., a CPU, executes the routines 4014 and uses the data/information4016 in memory 4010 to control the operation of the wireless terminal4000 and implement methods.

Receiver module 4002, e.g., a receiver, is coupled to receive antenna4003 via which the wireless terminal receives signals from otherwireless communications devices. Receiver module 4002 receives devicecapability information from at least one of a first communicationsdevice and a second communications device, said device capabilityinformation being communicated using the first communication protocol.Information 4038 corresponds to the 1^(st) communications protocol andreceived device capability information corresponding to 1^(st) andsecond devices is information (4034, 4036), respectively.

Transmission module 4004, e.g., a transmitter, is coupled to transmitantenna 4005 via which the wireless terminal transmits signals to othercommunications devices. Transmission module 4004 is used fortransmitting a beacon signal used to communicate device capabilityinformation to other communications devices, the device capabilityinformation indicating that the wireless terminal 4000 is able tosupport the second and third communications protocols. Generated beaconsignal 4072 which conveys information 4070 is transmitted bytransmission module 4004. Transmission module 4004 also transmitsprocessed signals 4068, e.g., protocol converted signals, to the firstcommunications device and processed signals 4068, e.g., protocolconverted signals, to the second communications device.

User I/O devices 4008 include, e.g., microphone, keyboard, keypad,switches, camera, display, speaker, etc. User I/O devices 4008 allow auser of wireless terminal 3600 to input data/information, access outputdata information, and control at least some functions of the wirelessterminal 4000.

Routines 4014 include a communications forwarding module 4018, a networklayer connectivity module 4020, a 2^(nd) communications protocol module4022, a 3^(rd) communications protocol module 4024, a 1^(st) physicallayer communications protocol module 4026, a 2^(nd) physical layercommunications protocol module 4028, a 3^(rd) physical layercommunication protocol module 4030 and a relay tracking module 4032.

Data/information 4016 includes received device capability informationcorresponding to device 1 4034, received device capability informationcorresponding to device 2 4036, and stored device capability informationcorresponding to WT 4000 device capabilities 4070. Data/information 4016also includes 1^(st) communications protocol information 4038, secondcommunications protocol information and third communications protocolinformation 4041. In various embodiments, the 1^(st) communicationsprotocol is a beacon based protocol. Second communications protocolinformation 4039 includes information identification protocol usedbetween WT 4000 and the first communications device. Thirdcommunications protocol information 4041 includes informationidentification protocol used between WT 4000 and the secondcommunications device. Data/information 4016 also includes a pluralityof sets of information for supporting different MAC layer protocols (MAClayer protocol 1 information 4044, . . . , MAC layer protocol ninformation), a plurality of sets of information supporting differentnetwork layer protocols (network layer protocol 1 information 4048, . .. , network layer protocol M information 4050), a plurality of layerssupporting different physical layer protocols (physical layer protocol 1information 4040, . . . , physical layer protocol m information 4042),and a plurality of sets of information for supporting higher levelprotocols (higher level protocol 1 information 4052, . . . , higherlevel protocol N information 4054).

Data/information 4016 also includes device 1 protocol use information4056 identifying the protocols being used by communications device 1when communicating with wireless terminal 4000 and device 2 protocol useinformation 4058 identifying the protocols being used by communicationsdevice 2 when communicating with wireless terminal 4000.Data/information 4016 includes device 1/device 2 protocol conversioninformation 4060, device 1 received signal information intended fordevice 2 4062, processed device 1 received information intended fordevice 2 4064, device 2 received signal information intended for device1 4066, processed device 2 received information intended for device 14068. Data/information 4016 also includes a generated beacon signal 4072conveying WT 400 device capability information 4070. Accumulated amountof relay service provided information 4074 is also included indata/information 4016.

Communications forwarding module 4018 relays communications between thefirst and second communications devices, the first communications devicesupporting the first and second communications protocol, the secondcommunications device supporting the first and third communicationsprotocols. In some embodiments, the first communications protocol is alow bit rate protocol which supports a maximum bit rate less than1/1000^(th) the bit rate supported by either of the first and secondcommunications protocols. In various embodiments, the firstcommunications protocol is a beacon based communications protocol.

In some embodiments for some first and second communications devices,the wireless terminal 4000, first communications device and secondcommunications device support a fourth protocol, said fourth protocolcorresponding to a higher level communications layer than acommunications layer to which said second and third protocolscorrespond. In some embodiments, at some times the second and thirdprotocols correspond to the same communications layer.

Network layer connectivity module 4020 provides network layerconnectivity between the first and second communications devices usingfirst and second communications links to communicate the network layersignals.

Second communications protocol module 4022 supports a first MAC layerprotocol used to communicate with the first communications device. Thirdcommunications protocol module 4024 supports a second MAC layer protocolused to communicate with the second communications device, said firstand second MAC layer protocols being different.

First physical layer communications protocol module 4026 performsoperation supporting the first communications protocol, e.g., the beaconbased protocol. The 2^(nd) physical layer communications protocol module4028 is for supporting a second physical layer protocol used tocommunicate with the first communications device. The 3^(rd) physicallayer communications protocol module 4030 is for supporting a thirdphysical layer protocol used to communicate with the secondcommunications device.

Relay tracking module 4032 tracks communications relay services providesto other wireless communications devices. Relay tracking module 4032maintains accumulated amount of relay service provided information 4072.In some embodiments, a service provider provides incentives for awireless terminal to act as a relay. For example, the service provider,in some embodiments, provides an incentive for being powered and servingas a relay and/or protocol conversion device during times when thewireless terminal would not otherwise be normally be powered on.Incentives include, e.g., additional minutes of air time, reducedoperational rate, billing charge reductions, a free enhanced featureand/or download, etc.

While described in the context of an OFDM TDD system, the methods andapparatus of various embodiments are applicable to a wide range ofcommunications systems including many non-OFDM, many non-TDD systems,and/or many non-cellular systems.

In various embodiments nodes described herein are implemented using oneor more modules to perform the steps corresponding to one or moremethods, for example, generating a beacon signal, transmitting a beaconsignal, receiving beacon signals, monitoring for beacon signals,recovering information from received beacon signals, determining atiming adjustment, implementing a timing adjustment, changing a mode ofoperation, initiating a communication session, etc. In some embodimentsvarious features are implemented using modules. Such modules may beimplemented using software, hardware or a combination of software andhardware. Many of the above described methods or method steps can beimplemented using machine executable instructions, such as software,included in a machine readable medium such as a memory device, e.g.,RAM, floppy disk, etc. to control a machine, e.g., general purposecomputer with or without additional hardware, to implement all orportions of the above described methods, e.g., in one or more nodes.Accordingly, among other things, various embodiments are directed to amachine-readable medium including machine executable instructions forcausing a machine, e.g., processor and associated hardware, to performone or more of the steps of the above-described method(s).

Numerous additional variations on the methods and apparatus describedabove will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the abovedescriptions. Such variations are to be considered within scope. Themethods and apparatus of various embodiments may be, and in variousembodiments are, used with CDMA, orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (OFDM), and/or various other types of communicationstechniques which may be used to provide wireless communications linksbetween access nodes and mobile nodes. In some embodiments the accessnodes are implemented as base stations which establish communicationslinks with mobile nodes using OFDM and/or CDMA. In various embodimentsthe mobile nodes are implemented as notebook computers, personal dataassistants (PDAs), or other portable devices includingreceiver/transmitter circuits and logic and/or routines, forimplementing the methods of various embodiments.

1. A method of operating a first wireless communications device, themethod comprising: receiving a signal from a second communicationsdevice via an air link; determining from the received signal whether thesecond communications device is in a cooperative communicationsrelationship or a non-cooperative communications relationship with thefirst communications device; and based on said determination, selectingbetween one of a cooperative communications mode of operation and anon-cooperative communications mode of operation.
 2. The method of claim1, wherein said second communications device is operating in anon-cooperative relationship when said second communications device isoperating to maximize its own data throughput without regard to theeffect of the second communications device's signaling on thecommunications of the first communications device.
 3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said second communications device is operating in acooperative relationship when its transmission output power isresponsive to control signaling from another device.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: operating in the selected mode ofcommunications operation while communicating with a third communicationsdevice; and wherein when said selected mode is a non-cooperative mode ofoperation, the step of operating in a non-cooperative mode of operationincluding operating to maximize data throughput between said first andthird devices without regard to the impact on communications by saidsecond device.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein operating in anon-cooperative mode of operation includes disregarding an interferencecontrol signal received from the second communications device.
 6. Themethod of claim 5, wherein said interference control signal receivedfrom the second communications device is a transmission power controlsignal.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: operating in theselected mode of communications operation while communicating with athird communications device; and wherein when said selected mode is acooperative mode of operation, the step of operating in a cooperativemode of operation including responding to an interference controlsignal.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said interference controlsignal is an interference control signal from said second communicationsdevice.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said interference controlsignal received from the second communications device is a transmissionpower control signal used to signal that the first communications deviceshould reduce its transmission power level.
 10. The method of claim 1,wherein said signal received from a second device provides second deviceconfiguration information; and wherein determining from the receivedsignal whether the second communications device is in a cooperativecommunications relationship or a non-cooperative communicationsrelationship includes determining from the received second deviceinformation if the second communications device is operating in acellular mode of operation in which said second communications device isresponsive to resource allocation signals from a base station or isoperating in an ad hoc mode of operation.
 11. The method of claim 10,wherein while in said ad hoc mode of operation said second devicecontrols the second device's use of wireless communications resourcesindependent of wireless communication resource allocation signals fromany another device.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein determining fromthe received signal whether the second communications device is in acooperative communications relationship or a non-cooperativecommunications relationship includes determining from the receivedsignal if the second device corresponds to the same communicationsnetwork as the first communications device.
 13. The method of claim 1,wherein determining from the received signal whether the secondcommunications device is in a cooperative communications relationship ora non-cooperative communications relationship includes at least one of:determining from the received signal if the second device corresponds toa service provider used to provide communications services to the firstcommunications device; and determining from the received signal if thesecond communications device corresponds to a user group to which thefirst communications device corresponds.
 14. The method of claim 1,further comprising: selecting based on the determined cooperative ornon-cooperative mode of operation, a device configuration to be used incommunicating with a third communications device while operating in theselected mode of operation.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein when anon-cooperative mode of operation is selected, said device configurationis selected to optimize data throughput by said first device whencommunicating with the third device without regard to interference whichwill be generated with respect to said second device.
 16. The method ofclaim 14, wherein when a non-cooperative mode of operation is selected,said device configuration is selected such that the first device uses adevice configuration that supports a first communications protocol whichis also supported by the third device but which is not supported by thesecond device.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: detectingwhen said second device is no longer transmitting signals within therange of the first device; and switching from the first configuration toa second configuration that supports a second communications protocolwhich is supported by said first and third communications devices andwhich was also supported by said second communications device which isout of range of the first communications device.
 18. The method of claim17, wherein said first and second protocols are OFDM and CDMAcommunications protocols, respectively.
 19. The method of claim 17,wherein said first communications protocol are different OFDMcommunications protocols.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein said firstcommunications protocol is Bluetooth and said second communicationsprotocol is WiFi.
 21. A first communications device, comprising: areceiver for receiving a signal from a second communications device viaan air link; a mode determination module for determining from thereceived signal whether the second communications device is in acooperative communications relationship or a non-cooperativecommunications relationship with the first communications device; and amode selection module for selecting, based on said determination,between one of a cooperative communications mode of operation and anon-cooperative communications mode of operation.
 22. The communicationsdevice of claim 21, wherein said second communications device isoperating in a non-cooperative relationship when said secondcommunications device is operating to maximize its own data throughputwithout regard to the effect of the second communications device'ssignaling on the communications of the first communications device. 23.The communications device of claim 21, wherein said secondcommunications device is operating in a cooperative relationship whenits transmission output power is responsive to control signaling fromanother device.
 24. The communications device of claim 21, furthercomprising: a communications module for communicating with a thirdcommunications device while operating in the selected mode ofcommunications; and a data throughput maximization module for maximizingdata throughput between said first and third devices without regard tothe impact on communications by said second device when said selectedmode is a non-cooperative mode of operation.
 25. The communicationsdevice of claim 24, further comprising: an interference control moduleresponsive to the selected mode of operation, said interference controlmodule disregarding an interference control signals when the selectedmode of operation is a non-cooperative mode of operation.
 26. Thecommunications device of claim 25, wherein said interference controlsignal is a transmission power control signal.
 27. The communicationsdevice of claim 25, wherein said interference control module isresponsive to interference control signals when the selected mode is acooperative mode of operation.
 28. The communications device of claim21, wherein determining from the received signal whether the secondcommunications device is in a cooperative communications relationship ora non-cooperative communications relationship includes determining fromthe received second device information if the second communicationsdevice is operating in a cellular mode of operation in which said secondcommunications device is responsive to resource allocation signals froma base station or is operating in an ad hoc mode of operation.
 29. Thecommunications device of claim 21, wherein the mode determination moduleincludes a submodule for determining from a received signal at least oneof: whether the second device corresponds to a service provider used toprovide communications services to the first communications device; andwhether the second communications device corresponds to a user group towhich the first communications device corresponds.
 30. Thecommunications device of claim 29, further comprising: a storage deviceincluding stored information indicating at least one of a serviceprovider and a user group corresponding to said communications device.31. The communications device of claim 29, further comprising: a storagedevice including stored information indicating at least one of a serviceprovider and a user group corresponding to said communications devicewhich are considered non-cooperative.
 32. A first communications device,comprising: receiver means for receiving a signal from a secondcommunications device via an air link; mode determination means fordetermining from the received signal whether the second communicationsdevice is in a cooperative communications relationship or anon-cooperative communications relationship with the firstcommunications device; and mode selection means for selecting, based onsaid determination, between one of a cooperative communications mode ofoperation and a non-cooperative communications mode of operation. 33.The communications device of claim 32, wherein said secondcommunications device is operating in a non-cooperative relationshipwhen said second communications device is operating to maximize its owndata throughput without regard to the effect of the secondcommunications device's signaling on the communications of the firstcommunications device.
 34. The communications device of claim 32,wherein said second communications device is operating in a cooperativerelationship when its transmission output power is responsive to controlsignaling from another device.
 35. The communications device of claim32, wherein the mode determination means includes means for determiningfrom a received signal at least one of: whether the second devicecorresponds to a service provider used to provide communicationsservices to the first communications device; and whether the secondcommunications device corresponds to a user group to which the firstcommunications device corresponds.
 36. The communications device ofclaim 35, further comprising: storage means including stored informationindicating at least one of a service provider and a user groupcorresponding to said communications device.
 37. A computer readablemedium embodying machine executable instructions for controlling a firstwireless communications device to implement a method of communicatingwith another communications device, the method comprising: receiving asignal from a second communications device via an air link; determiningfrom the received signal whether the second communications device is ina cooperative communications relationship or a non-cooperativecommunications relationship with the first communications device; andbased on said determination, selecting between one of a cooperativecommunications mode of operation and a non-cooperative communicationsmode of operation.
 38. The computer readable medium of claim 37, whereinsaid second communications device is operating in a non-cooperativerelationship when said second communications device is operating tomaximize its own data throughput without regard to the effect of thesecond communications device's signaling on the communications of thefirst communications device.
 39. The computer readable medium of claim37, wherein said second communications device is operating in acooperative relationship when its transmission output power isresponsive to control signaling from another device.
 40. The computerreadable medium of claim 37, further embodying machine executableinstructions for: operating in the selected mode of communicationsoperation while communicating with a third communications device; andwherein when said selected mode is a non-cooperative mode of operation,operating in a non-cooperative mode of operation including operating tomaximize data throughput between said first and third devices withoutregard to the impact on communications by said second device.
 41. Thecomputer readable medium of claim 37, further embodying machineexecutable instructions for: operating in the selected mode ofcommunications operation while communicating with a third communicationsdevice; and wherein when said selected mode is a cooperative mode ofoperation, operating in a cooperative mode of operation includingresponding to an interference control signal.
 42. The computer readablemedium of claim 37, further embodying machine executable instructionsfor: selecting based on the determined cooperative or non-cooperativemode of operation, a device configuration to be used in communicatingwith a third communications device while operating in the selected modeof operation.
 43. An apparatus comprising: a processor configured to:receive a signal communicated from a second communications device via anair link; determine from the received signal whether the secondcommunications device is in a cooperative communications relationship ora non-cooperative communications relationship with the apparatus; andbased on said determination, selecting between one of a cooperativecommunications mode of operation and a non-cooperative communicationsmode of operation.
 44. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein said secondcommunications device is operating in a non-cooperative relationshipwhen said second communications device is operating to maximize its owndata throughput without regard to the effect of the secondcommunications device's signaling on the communications of theapparatus.
 45. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein said secondcommunications device is operating in a cooperative relationship whenits transmission output power is responsive to control signaling fromanother device.
 46. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein said processor isfurther configured to: operate in the selected mode of communicationsoperation while controlling the communications with a thirdcommunications device; and wherein when said selected mode is anon-cooperative mode of operation, operating in a non-cooperative modeof operation including operating to maximize data throughput betweensaid apparatus and said third device without regard to the impact oncommunications by said second device.
 47. The apparatus of claim 43,wherein said processor is further configured to: operate in the selectedmode of communications operation while controlling the communicationswith a third communications device; and wherein when said selected modeis a cooperative mode of operation, operating in a cooperative mode ofoperation including controlling a response to an interference controlsignal.
 48. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein said processor is furtherconfigured to: select based on the determined cooperative ornon-cooperative mode of operation, a device configuration to be used incommunicating with a third communications device while operating in theselected mode of operation.